rws

• explicit information- clearly stated (direct)
• implicit information- implied, suggested (indirect)
• critical reading
• critical reading -we read everyday; dissecting a reading material; reading between and beyond the line; as reader youre active constructor of meaning
• content- substance of the text, comprehensible? appealing to the readers?


  d
• objectivity- stand of an author, present both side of argument
• significance- valuable to readers, open for interaction?
• claim- central idea; what writers tries to prove; arguable statement, opinion,idea, assertion
• characteristic of good claim

  • argumentative and debatable
  • specific and focus
  • interesting and engaging
  • logical, result from reasonable
• types of claim:

  • claim of facts
  • claim of judgement or value
  • claim of policy or action
• how to defend you claims (claim of facts)

  * state claim clearly

  *make sure that your evidence fulfills the appropriate criteria

  *make clear when conclusion about the data are inference or interpretation, not facts

  *define terms that may be controversial or ambigous
• claim of judgement or value- look for keyword: good, well, kind, useful, desirable; based on likes and dislikes; has to be different than facts
• how to defend your claim(claim of value or judgement):

  *it should have priority in any scale

  *keep in mind that you and your reader may differ about relative importance
• Critical reading


  • Dissecting a reading material
  • Asking oneself about the text: "Why did it happen? How did it happen? What should have been done instead, or be done thereafter? etc."
• • Claims of fact are those we think about rightly as being true or false
  • Argument usually turns on strength of evidence presented as reason for arguer's belief in the claim
• Claim of Fact

  • The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy.
  • Cancer is not contagious.
  • The climate will get warmer in the next few years because of global warming.
• Defending Claim of Fact


  • State the claim clearly.
  • Define terms that may be controversial or ambiguous so that readers know exactly what you mean.
  • Make sure that your evidence fulfills the appropriate criteria.
  • Make clear when conclusion about the data are inferences or interpretations, not facts.
• Claim of Judgment or Value

  • Look for key words that are a matter of judgment rather than fact: good, well, kind, useful, desirable, etc.
  • Speakers provide the reasoning for their judgment, but ultimately, it is assent to the reasons rather than comparison to fact that determines the agreement to the claim.
  • A claim is based on things we like or dislike. Thus, it deals with goals, with things we find attractive.
• Claim of Judgment or Value

  • Disagreements over values are not "wrong" in the sense that they are inaccurate. Rather, they turn on what is important to us and how the things that are important to us come to bear on a situation.
  • Argument usually turns on whether the underlying value of the claim is accepted as a public good.
• Claim of Judgment or Value

  Your feel for the argument by judgment or value has to be different than that of fact. Disagreements over values are not "wrong" in the sense that they are inaccurate. Rather, they turn on what is important to us and how the things that are important to us come to bear on a situation. Argument usually turns on whether the underlying value of the claim is accepted as a public good.
• Claim of Value

  • Death penalty is unjust.
  • It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.
• Guide questions for Claim of Value

  • Which claims endorse what is good and right?
  • What qualities should be considered good? Why?
  • Which of these values content with others?
  • Which ones are important, and why?
  • Whose standards are used?
• How to defend Claim of Value

  • Try to make clear that the values or principle you are defending should have priority on any scale of values.
  • Keep in mind that you and your readers may differ about their relative importance.
  • Suggest that adherence to the values you are defending will bring about good results in some specific situation or bad results if respect for the values is ignored.
  • Since value terms are abstract, use examples and illustrations to clarify meanings and make distinctions.
  • Comparisons and contrasts are specially helpful
  • Use testimony of others to prove that knowledgeable or highly regarded people share your values.
• Claim of Action or Policy

  Specific and measurable actions that need to be done in order to address issues or concerns presented in an argument or proposition. Argue that certain conditions should exist.
• How to identify Claim of Action or Policy


  Be sensitive to calls that some action be taken. Look for key words "should" or "ought". These words may not always be present, but if they are, actions are usually called for.
• Defending Claim of Action or Policy

  Decision about whether we should take an action or not are the most complex of arguments. They turn on many claims about what happens if we do take an action or what happens if we fail to act. Argument usually turns on whether the reasons for taking the action outweigh the possible costs of taking the action.
• Claim of Policy

  • A dress code should be introduced for all students.
  • President Duterte called order allowing kids aged 10 to 14 outside their homes.
• How to defend Claim of Policy

  • Convince your audience that a problem exists.
  • Make your proposal clear.
  • Establish that there is a need for change.
  • Consider the opposing arguments.
  • Devote the major part of your essay to providing that your proposal is an answer to the opposing arguments and there are distinct benefits for your readers in adopting your proposal.
  • Support your proposal with solid data, but don't neglect the moral considerations and the common-sense reasons, which may be even more persuasive.
• Claim of Value


  • Winning by cheating is worse than losing honesty.
• The increase of population threatens the environment.
• Globally, about 1 and 3 women will be beaten or raped in her lifetime