BIOLOGY MIDTERM

• Biology - comes from the Greek words “bios” meaning life, and “logus” meaning to study, therefore we can say that biology is the study of life, or the science of life
• Andreas Vesalius(1543) – He was one of the anatomists that studied the human body, and wrote a book entitled “The Fabrica”, which included illustrations of male and female anatomy, as well as diagrams of uteruses with intact fetuses,Father of Modern Anatomy.
• William Harvey (1628) – He was a physician who first recognized the full circulation of blood in a human body, and the nature of the heartbeat by providing sound experiments and arguments
• Marcello Malpighi (1661) – He was an Italian physician and biologist widely regarded as one of the founders of microscopic anatomy, and he made crucial contributions in the fields of physiology, practical medicine and embryology. He studied the embryo of a chick wherein he discovered the aortic arches, neural folds and somites with the help of Harvey’s discovery.
• Robert Hooke (1665) – He was probably one of the most well-known names in the field of biology. He discovered the cell, which is the basic unit of life. This made a huge contribution in microbiology when he published a book entitled “Micrographia” that includes sketches of different natural things under the microscope. He was the first person to describe a compound eye of fly, an insect. He studied arthropods in great detail. He also studied fossil molluscans and concluded that there were organisms which lived on earth earlier but are now extinct.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) – Another renowned name, Leeuwenhoek’s contribution was the invention of the microscope. He’s the Father of Microbiology and made contributions not just in this field but also in plant anatomy and animal reproduction. All throughout his study, he made a total of over 500 microscopes to view specific objects. He also discovered sperm
• Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow – This trio was famous for their Cell Theory. Together, these scientists put forth the three basic tenets of modern cell theory: All living things are made up of cells; Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and Living cells come only from other living cells.
• Observation and Identification of the Problem- One thing is common to all forms of science isthe ultimate goal “to know”. Curiosity and inquiry are the driving forces for the development of science.
• Formulation of Hypothesis- A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested.
• scientific theory- It is a generally accepted, thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for a set of observations or phenomena.
• Experimentation or Testing the Hypothesis - One of the most important aspects of scientific method is the testing of hypotheses. To test a hypothesis, a researcher will conduct one or more experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. This is important. A hypothesis can be disproven, or eliminated, but it can never be proven. Science does not deal in proofs like mathematics
• Analysis and Interpretation of Data and Results- For every experiment to test the hypothesis, a researcher will encounter a lot of data or results. We should collect all the data or results during and after the experiment, and analyze or interpret it with the use of graphs and tables. With that we can now accept or reject our hypothesis.
• Generalization or Formulation of Conclusion -The last step in the scientific method is to come up with a conclusion. Based on the analyzed data, a theory may be formulated supported by experimental evidence
• Theory- It is the conclusion derived from actual Biology for Health Sciences CPH Zabariza experiences or experiments formed to explain certain phenomena and the relationships between them. This can be developed into a scientific law or into a scientific principle.
• scientific law -is a statement of what occurs in nature as found by observation and series of experiments to be true
• scientific principle- is a law of nature on which other laws are based.
• Cytology – cells • Histology – tissues • Organology – organs • Anatomy – dissection of body parts • Physiology – functions • Embryology – development of the embryo • Genetics – heredity • Pathology – disease • Ecology – interactions and relationships within an ecosystem • Evolution – origin of species • Paleontology – fossils/evidence of the past
• • Systematics – classification and phylogeny • Taxonomy – classification • Nomenclature – naming/assigning of scientific name • Biogeography – distribution of living things • Ontogeny – developmental history of an individual • Phylogeny – ancestral history of an individual • Limnology – freshwater habitats • Oceanography – marine water habitats
• Microbiology – microorganisms • Bacteriology – bacteria • Parasitology – parasites • Virology – viruses • Protozoology – protozoans • Phycology – algae • Mycology – fungi • Botany (Phytology) – plants • Bryology – mosses
• Zoology – animals • Helminthology – worms • Carcinology – crustaceans • Malacology – mollusks • Entomology – insects • Ichthyology – fishes • Herpetology – reptiles and amphibians • Ornithology – birds • Mammalogy – mammals
• Cell Theory - was proposed by three scientists namely: Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow. The theory states that all living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life. I
• Biogenesis - was developed or proposed by Rudolf Virchow as a counter-hypothesis to spontaneous generation and in 1861, Louis Pasteur conducted experiments down to a bacterial level to support this theory.
• Homeostasis -To function properly, cells require appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and concentrations of diverse chemicals.
• Evolution- is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits
• gene -is considered as the basic physical and functional unit of heredity
• Metabolism- refers to all the chemical and energy transformations that occur in cells as they carry out life’s processes. It could be anabolism (building up process) or catabolism (breaking down process).
• growth -refers to an increase in size. Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded for by their genes. It occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster destructive activity.
• Irritability- refers to the ability to react to any environmental change or stimulus that often results in movement. Another form of response is when living organisms find energy and nutrients by interacting with their surroundings.
• reproduction and development-- we’ve already discussed that life comes only from life and in order for life to continue, living things must be able to produce other living things of their kind. Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, which is the genetic material, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells
• Adaptation and Organization -All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment. Biologists refer to this fit as adaptation and it is a consequence of evolution by natural selection, which operates in every lineage of reproducing organisms. Adaptation refers to modifications that promote the likelihood of survival.
• IDENTIFY THE BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

  A) THE BIOSPHERE

  B) ECOSYSTEMS

  C) COMMUNITIES

  D) POPULATIONS

  E) ORGANISMS

  F) ORGANS

  G) TISSUES

  H) CELLS

  I) ORGANELLES

  J) MOLECULES

  
• Assimilation and Definite Chemical Composition -Assimilation is the process of converting non-living inorganic and organic molecules into living cell that can be done inside a living cell.
• Definite Form and Size- Living things produce offspring similar to themselves. All organisms belonging to the same species are alike with certain degree of variations or differences, therefore we can say that living organisms have a definite form and size.
• Organisms are composed of matter
• element - is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Today, chemists recognize 92 elements occurring in nature; gold, copper, carbon, and oxygen are examples. Each element has a symbol, usually the first letter or two of its name.
• compound -is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. Table salt, for example, is sodium chloride (NaCl), a compound composed of the elements sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in a 1:1 ratio. Pure sodium is a metal, and pure chlorine is a poisonous gas
• atom - is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
• Although the atom is the smallest unit having the properties of an element, these tiny bits of matter are composed of even smaller parts, called subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons. Protons and electrons are electrically charged. Each proton has one unit of positive charge, and each electron has one unit of negative charge
• neutron- as its name implies, is electrically neutral. Protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dense core, or atomic nucleus, at the center of an atom; protons give the nucleus a positive charge
• All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei. This number of protons, which is unique to that element, is called the atomic number and is written as a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element. Unless otherwise indicated, an atom is neutral in electrical charge, which means that its protons must be balanced by an equal number of electrons.