Physical Science

• Intermolecular Forces

  • are attractive forces present in between molecules.
• London Dispersion Forces

  • These are the weakest type of IMFA and are present in between all electrically neutral molecules―polar and nonpolar molecules.
  • LDFs are caused by fluctuations in the electron distribution within atoms or molecules.
• Polarizability

  • is the measure of how easy it is to distort the electron distribution of a molecule. It can be related to how easy one can squeeze a balloon: the larger the balloon is, the more squeezable it is, and the stronger is its LDF
• Dipole-Dipole Forces

  • These are attractive forces that are a moderately strong type of IMFA and are present in between polar molecules.
  • Dipole-dipole force exists between the partially positive end of one HCl molecule and the partially negative end of another HCl molecule.
• Ion-Dipole Forces

  • This result from the electrostatic attraction of a molecule containing a dipole and an ion.
  • The strength of this force increases as the charge of ion increases
• Hydrogen Bonding

  • It is a special kind of dipole-dipole force and one of the strongest type of IMFA.
• Hydrogen Bonding


  is an attractive force that exists when hydrogen is bonded to F, O, or N.
• Liquids and IMFAs

  • Liquids have properties similar to both solids and gases.
  • Similar to solids, liquids resist compression and similar to gases, liquids have the ability to flow.
• Surface Tension


  is the tendency of a fluid to acquire the least possible surface area.
• Surface Tension

  • Cohesive forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules of the same kind.
  • Adhesive forces are attractive forces that exist between the molecules of different types, such as a liquid and a solid surface.
• Surface Tension

  • When reading the volume of a liquid with a concave meniscus, the measurement is taken from the bottom of the curve (minima).
  • When reading the volume of a liquid with a convex meniscus, the measurement is taken from the top of the curve (maxima).
• Capillary Action

  • Cohesive and adhesive forces also affect the rise of a liquid in a tube with a small diameter.
• Viscosity

  • It is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Liquids that flow easily have low viscosity while liquids that do not flow readily have high viscosity.
• Vapor Pressure

  • Volatility refers to the tendency of a substance to evaporate. Substances which evaporate easily are called volatile liquids.
• Biomolecules

  • defined as the building blocks of life. They are the essential molecules that are needed by almost all living things.
• The Elements of Biomolecules

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
• - These biomolecules are composed of monomers that means small subunits of molecules that builds up the polymers also called macromolecules that performs greater function
• Proteins


  were once thought of as biomolecules representing the "beginning" of life.
• The word proteins comes from the Greek work proteious which means first.
• Building Blocks of Protein (monomer)

  Amino Acid
• Building Blocks of Protein

  • They contain two functional groups: the basic amino group and the acidic carboxylic group.
• Essential Amino Acids

  • Polypeptides and proteins are formed when amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond.
• Polypeptides are formed from a large number of amino acids.
• Proteins, on the other hand, are composed of one or more polypeptide chain.
• Four Different Levels of Protein Organization

  • Primary Structure
  • Secondary Structure
  • Tertiary Structure
  • Quaternary Structure
• Functions of Proteins

  • Proteins perform the function of transporting different molecules through the different parts of organism.
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts that act to make the reaction take place more rapidly.
  • There are some proteins that organisms and cells use for mechanical support. Keratin is an example of a structural protein.
• Antibodies

  • notable proteins used for immunity
• • Antibodies are proteins produced by the cells of the immune system, and are used for defense against pathogens.
• Examples of Protein

  • Antibodies
  • Hemoglobin (blood)
  • Cartilage
  • Collagen
• Carbohydrates 


  The type of biomolecule that serves as the main energy source of an organism
• Monomer of Carbohydrates

  Monosaccharides
• monosaccharides 


  simplest form of sugar
• 
  

  • A carbohydrate is a biomolecule that has either a ketone group or an aldehyde group, as well as the presence of many groups of hydroxyls.
• Classifying Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides

  • Simple sugars or monosaccharides have the general formula CnH2nOn, where n varies from 3 to 8.
  • These compounds have a single aldehyde or ketone group.
• Monosaccharides 


  They can be classified into aldoses and ketoses based on which is present in the sugar.
• Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formulas but different structures.
• Disaccharides 


  Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.
• Polysaccharides

  • consist of ten to thousands of monosaccharide units.
  • They may consist of only one or many types of monosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides

  • Glycogen (found in animals) is more branched compared to starch (found in plants).
  • Chitin is made from a long chain of a glucose derivative.