3.2 2007PSY

• Two divisions of the forebrain


  -Telencephalon

  -Diencephalon
• Telencephalon

  -Cerebral cortex

  -Limbic system

  -Basal ganglia

  
• Cerebral Cortex


  Surrounds the two cerebral hemispheres, is folded and has structures called:

  -Sulci

  -Fissures

  -Gyri
• Sulci


  Small grooves

  
• Fissures


  Large grooves

  
• Gyri

  Bulges in between grooves

  
• White matter

  Myelinated axons
• Grey matter

  The portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons. Unmyelinated.
• Four lobes of the cerebral cortex

  -Frontal

  -Parietal

  -Temporal

  -Occipital

  
• Sensory Cortex

  Three areas of the cerebral cortex that receive information from sensory organs;

  -Primary visual cortex

  -Primary auditory cortex

  -Primary somatosensory cortex
• Primary visual cortex

  The region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system, is locatable via the calcarine fissure

  
• Primary auditory cortex


  The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system, is locatable via the lateral fissure

  
• Primary motor Corex

  An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

  
• Primary somatosensory cortex


  The region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

  
• Insular cortex


  -A sunken region of the cerebral cortex that is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe

  -This receives information about taste

  
• Calcarine fissure


  Fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

  
• Lateral fissure


  Fissure that separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

  
• Contralateral Connections

  All senses except taste and smell switches what cerebral hemisphere recieves sensory infomration (Left sensory infomration goes to right cerebral hemisphere)
• Association cortex


  -Regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex function (perceiving/remembering)
• Central sulcus

  Separates frontal and parietal lobes

  
• Motor Association Cortex


  -The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex

  -Role is to control behaviour

  
• Sensory/Somatosensory association cortex


  -Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

  -Integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object

  -Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

  
• Visual association cortex


  Association cortex responsible for identifying and making sense of visual information

  
• Basal Ganglia


  -Collection of nuclei below the cerebral cortex

  -Involved in motor control

  
• Nuclei


  An identifiable group of cell bodies in the CNS
• Limbic System


  -Widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network

  -Involved in learning, memory, and emotions

  -Limbic Cortex, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Fornix, and Mammillary bodies

  
• Components of the limbic system

  -Limbic Cortex (including the cingulate gyrus)

  -Hippocampus

  -Amygdala

  -Fornix

  -Mammillary bodies
• Hippocampus


  -Medial temporal lobe structure

  -Helps process explicit memories for storage

  
• Amygdala


  -Rostal temporal lobe structure

  -Processing and recognising emotions

  
• Fornix


  A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body

  
• Mammillary bodies


  A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system

  
• Lateralization of the left hemisphere

  Analysing information (Processing serial events, and language processing)
• Lateralization of the right hemisphere

  Synthesis of information (drawing and reading maps)
• Corpus callosum


  The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

  
• Diencephalon


  -Thalamus

  -Hypothalamus

  
• Thalamus


  -The largest portion of the diencephalon

  -Is the relay station

  
• Hypothalamus

  -Controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, attached to the pituitary gland

  -stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release its own hormones to control other endocrine glands in the body

  
• Pituitary gland


  The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

  
• Subcortical areas

  -Hypothalamus

  -Limbic system

  -Thalamus
• Pineal gland

  Secretes melatonin