Ss

• Opium


  A medicinal ingredient and some for recreational use
• Opium War (1839-1842)


  • Also known as the Anglo-Chinese War
  • A series of military engagements fought between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China
  • The immediate issue was Chinese official seizure of opium stocks at Canton to stop the banned opium trade, and threatening the death penalty for future offenders
  • The British government insisted on the principles of free trade and equality among nations and backed the merchants' demands
  • The British Navy defeated the Chinese using technologically superior ships and weapons, and the British then imposed a treaty that granted territory to Western powers and opened trade with China
  • The Chinese were forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking, which made China as most-favored nation and started the Western imperialism in China
• Second Opium War (1856-1860)


  • Also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China
  • A war pitting the United Kingdom and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China
  • It is the second major war in the Opium Wars, regarding the reluctance of the Chinese to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Nanking
  • It started when Canton authorities arrested the British-owned ship Lorcha Arrow in 1856 and refused to apologize for breaking the code of extraterritoriality
• Colonialism and Imperialism


  • First phase: 16th to 17th century
  • Second phase: 18th to 19th century
• China and Japan were able to maintain their political freedom during the 1st stage of imperialism, but on the 2nd stage they were not spared from the intrusion of the Westerners (Europeans and Americans in terms of economic aspect)

  
• Reasons for European Age of Exploration

  • Searching for cheaper and more abundant raw materials
  • Searching for huge markets where goods can be sold
• Westerners' desire to trade with the Manchus

  • Triggered aggressive steps toward gaining power in China

  
• Matteo Ricci


  An Italian priest who first entered the "forbidden City" in China
• Canton System


  • Trade policies (Chinese high regard of themselves)
  • Foreign merchants' activities were limited within Canton (now Guangzhou)
  • They were not allowed to establish relationship with Chinese people
  • Imposed high taxes
  • Required to kowtow
• China was defeated and has to sign the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 to end this hostility
• Treaty of Tientsin


  • New ports were opened
  • Foreigners with passports were allowed to travel in China
  • Christians were allowed to spread their religion and own a property in China
  • Before long they entered into more unfair agreements and granted extraterritoriality to France, Russia, Germany and the US
• Extraterritoriality


  Pertains to a state wherein foreigners who have been accused of a crime will be tried in their own court (at the consulate) and are exempted from the jurisdiction of the law where the crime was committed
• Sphere of Influence


  • China's defeat over the wars urged more aggression from the Westerners
  • 1987 - Germany - 99 year lease of Jiaozhou Bay with exclusive mining rights and construction of railroads in the province of Shandong
  • Russia - 25 year lease in Dalian and Port Arthur and right to build a railroad in Manchuria
  • 1898 Great Britain - lease of naval base in Weihaiwei
  • France - lease of Guangzhouwan in North China
  • Towards the end of 19th century, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia and even Japan had their own spheres of influences in China
  • They had economic rights and even paved way for the political influence in China
  • Foreign sea vessels guarded the coasts and rivers of China to protect them from other countries
  • The last one to enter was US, where they suggested to subscribe to the Open Door Policy
• Open Door Policy


  • Each country including US, will have equal rights in trading in China
  • The proposal was written by US Secretary of State John Hay in 1899
  • They also sent the proposal to France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Russia and Japan
• Act of Seclusion (Sakoku)

  • Implemented in Tokugawa Shogunate in 1636
  • Mandated the "isolation of Japan from all foreign influences" and lasted for almost 200 years
  • Although Japan maintained relationship with China and Korea, aside from the Dutch which was allowed to engage in small trade

  
• US in Japan


  • In the 19th century, the Tokugawa Shogunate couldn't prevent the arrival of Western influences and foreigner's coerced in Japan
  • US troop led by Commodore Matthew Perry was sent by US President Millard Fillmore to convince Japan's leader to sign an agreement to open the country's ports
• Treaty of Kanagawa


  • Also called treaty of Peace and Amity
  • The first treaty between Japan and a Western country
  • The treaty guaranteed the safety of American sailors in the event of any sea tragedy
  • Shimoda and Hakodate ports were opened for the US
  • It was ratified in February 21, 1855
• European Colonizers in Japan

  • Netherlands
  • France
  • Great Britain
  • Russia
• Meiji Restoration


  • Also called Meiji Period or Era
  • It abolished Tokugawa in 1868 and lasted until 1912
  • It was led by Emperor Mutsuhito
  • It made great impact in terms of political, social, economic, military and educational structures of Japan
• Japan still had stiff competitions between China over Korea
• First Sino-Japanese War


  • It started during Japan accused China's violation of Convention of Tianjin
  • The Chinese suffered huge defeat in this war
• Treaty of Shimonoseki


  • It was signed by Japan and China that also provided Korea's independence from China, opened ports for Japan, and Japan became most-favored nation
• Imperialism continued until in 1902
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)


  • In 1904 Japan made a forced attack to Russia
  • The Japanese attacked the Russian's naval base, a Russian territory situated in China
• Treaty of Portsmouth 1905


  • A treaty that ended the war between Japan and Russia
• The world was surprised and amazed at the triumph of the Japanese in its battles against China and Russia, which also proved to the rest of Asia that the Westerners could be defeated
• During World War I, Japan was part of the Triple Entente (Central Powers) along with Russia, United Kingdom, and France
• Treaty of Shimonoseki


  Signed by Japan and China, provided Korea's independence from China, opened ports for Japan, and Japan became most-favored nation
• Japan formed alliance with Great Britain to fight against Russia


  1902
• Russo-Japanese War (1904 – 1905)


  1. Japan made a forced attack to Russia

  2. Japanese attacked the Russian's naval base, a Russian territory situated in China
• Treaty of Portsmouth 1905


  Treaty that ended the war between Japan and Russia
• The world was surprised and amazed at the triumph of the Japanese in its battles against China and Russia
• This also proved to the rest of Asia that the Westerners could be defeated
• World War I Allies (1914 – 1918)


  • Triple Entente (Russia, United Kingdom, France + Japan)
  • Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
• World War II Allies (1939 – 1945)

  • Allied Powers (Great Britain, China, USA, USSR, France)
  • Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)
• Southeast Asia


  • Referred to as "GREATER INDIA" because of communities and empires that have emerged from this area that are connected to the great civilization of India
  • Sometimes called "LITTLE CHINA" because it is an extension of the Chinese civilization
  • Colonialism here became extensive, long-term, and deeply inculcated effects
• Reasons for colonialism in Southeast Asia

  • To search for the Spice Island
  • Aside from trade, religion or spread of Christianity in the region
• Portuguese


  • The first to discover Southeast Asia and establish a trading posts in the area
  • Sacked East Timor (youngest nation in 2002) and Indonesia
• Dutch in Jakarta, Indonesia


  Established the Dutch East India Company
• British in Malacca / Singapore


  Established the British East India Company