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• Kublai Khan died in 1294, the Mongol Empire faced succession disputes, leading to internal fragmentation. This weakened Mongol Control over China, contributing the rise of the Ming Dynasty in 1368.
• Ming Dynasty, established in 1368 sought to restore Chinese rule after centuries of foreign domination Ming ruler implemented.
• Opium Wars (1839-1860) were a series of conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain.
• Opium Wars resulted in Treaty of Nanking( 1842), force China to cede Hongkong, open additional ports for trade and grant extraterritorial to western powers.
• Treaty of Nanking marked the beginning of unequal treaties imposed on China by western powers. Also established the concept of extraterritoriality, where foreign in China were subject to their laws, no Chinese jurisdiction.
• Throughout the 19th century, western powers, including Britain, France, Germany, and exerted increasing influence over China. They imposed unequal treaties, gained economic concessions, and established Spheres of Influence.
• Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) was violent anti- foreign and anti- Christian uprising in China, fueled by resentment towards western imperialism and missionary activities.
• Boxers, a secret society, believed they had supernatural powers that made them impervious to bullets. They targeted foreigners, Chinese Christians and Symbols of Western influence.
• Response the Boxer Rebellion the eight-nation alliances, composed of United States, Germany, Britain, Japan, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia.
• During the late 19th century, western powers and Japan carved into Spheres of Influence, where each nation had exclusive economic and political privileges.
• The United States proposed the Open Door Policy, advocating for equal trading rights for all nations in China.
• Qing Dynasty faced internal turmoil, including peasant uprising, corruption, and military defeats.
• Fall Dynasty: The decline of the Qing dynasty paved away for the Chinese Revolution of 1911, which led to the overthrow of the imperial system and established of the Republic of China.