he midterms

• Barrel chest - spinal configuration increased ratio between anteroposterior diameter to transverse diameter
• Kyphosis- increased curve of the thoracic spine/common to older adults
• Atelectasis- Collapsed lungs
• Crepitus- indicate air escapes from the lung or into subcutaneous tissue, it occurs after thoracic injury
• Increase-result of consolidation
• Decrease- bronchial obstruction, air tapping
• Resonance- normal lung tissue
• Flat tone- over the scapula
• Hyperresonance- elicit in cases of trapped air
• Dullness- present when fluid or solid tissue replace air in lungs
• Bronchovesicular- heard over major bronchi/upper sternum area
• Vesicular- heard over peripheral lung flieds/low pitch soft sound
• Bronchial(tracheal)- heard over the trachea and larynx- high pitched louder and harsh
• crackles- formerly called raled
• Fine-high pitched/short popping
• Coarse- low pitched, bubbling moist sound during inspiration
• wheezes- a musical quality caused by narrowing airways
• Expiratory- musical sounds heard during inspiration
• Monophonic- expiration or throughout the respiratory cycle
• Stridor- loud high pitched sound heard during inspiration
• Bronchophony- 99
• Egophony- letter E
• Whispered pectoriloquy- 1, 2, 3
• Eupnea- normal, relaxed breathing
• Tachypnea- rapid and shallow breathing
• Bradypnea-slow respiratory rate <12 beats per minute
• Apnea- stop breathing while asleep or almost no air flow
• Hyperventilation - rapid and deep breathing
• Hypoventilation- too shallow and too slow to meet the needs of the body
• Dyspnea- difficulty of breathing