ENGLISH 2

• Literature review


  A survey of scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work
• Jose & Larioque: 'It is a comprehensive background of the literature within the interested topic area'
• O'Gorman & MacIntosh: 'It is a critical component of the research process that provides an in-depth analysis of recently published research findings in specifically identified areas of interest'
• Why write a literature review?

  • To discover what has been written about a topic already
  • To determine what each source contributes to the topic
  • To understand the relationship between the various contributions, identify and (if possible) resolve contradictions, and determine gaps or unanswered questions
• Practical steps in gathering related literature

  1. Decide on a topic

  2. Search for relevant literature

  3. Evaluate and select sources

  4. Identify themes, debates and gap

  5. Outline your literature review structure

  6. Write your literature review
• In-text parenthetical citations


  Does not only lead the audience or the readers to the original source of the idea, but it also acknowledges the original source as well and thus, avoid plagiarism
• Effective connection words or transitional devices


  Used to compare, contrast, or connect the ideas from previous literature to the present study
• Structure of a Literature Review

  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• Introduction


  • Define your topic/issue and provide an appropriate context for reviewing the literature
  • Establish your reasons – i.e. point of view – for reviewing the literature
  • Explain the organization – i.e. sequence – of the review
  • State the scope of the review – i.e. what is included and what is not included
  • The thesis or purpose statement should come at the end of your introduction and state clearly and concisely what the purpose or central argument of your paper is
• Body


  • Organize the literature according to common themes
  • Move from a general, wider view of the literature being reviewed to the specific focus of your research
  • Use logical connections and transitions to connect sources
• Conclusion


  • Summarize the important aspects of the existing body of literature and notable commonalities between works
  • Identify significant flaws or gaps in existing knowledge
  • Link your research to existing knowledge and justify it why you conduct a research on this topic
• Quotation


  Allows the writer to fully use the original author's words using quotation marks in order to make a point or to provide support for an idea. It should be used sparingly in writing a technical paper.
• Paraphrasing


  Using or putting in one's own words to restate the author's ideas and acknowledging the source to give credit to the original author
• Paraphrasing Techniques


  1. Read the original text and get a full grasp of it

  2. Think about the overall meaning of each paragraph or section - don't just focus on the individual words and sentences

  3. After each paragraph or section, put the reading aside and state it in your own words

  4. It is better to keep the important words and change the sentence structure

  5. Always include a proper citation and be careful not to change the author's meaning
• A review is not an enumeration of literature
• No to Plagiarism
• Online resources for literature search

  • Google Scholar
  • Philippine E-journals
  • Pubmed
  • Directory of Open Access Journal
  • Philippine Journals Online
  • ERIC
  • Research Gate
• Other online resources for literature search

  • Proquest
  • SciHub
• Research for at least five (5) related literature about your research topic

  1. Get the major findings

  2. Ensure the literature is from 2017 up to present

  3. Write paraphrased versions
• Research allows you to delve deeper into a subject matter and articulate what you think about it based on what you have learned
• Research report


  A document that presents a complete piece of research in a focused and coherent manner, following a definite format
• Parts of a Research Report

  • Title Page
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Literature Review
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Title Page


  • Contains an informative title that describes the content of the paper, the aim of the author/s, addresses or affiliations, and date of submission
• Abstract


  • Briefly presents the context of the study, research questions or objectives, methodology, major findings, conclusions, and sometimes implications
  • Ranges from 100-250 words
• Introduction


  • Explains the current state of the field and identifies research gaps
  • Is usually three to five paragraphs long
• Literature Review


  • Contains the summary and synthesis of all available sources
  • Is divided into two sections: related concepts and related studies
• Methodology


  • Presents the context within which the study was conducted, the participants, the instruments used, data gathering procedure, and the data analysis
• Results


  • Factually describes the data gathered and the tables and graphs that summarize the collected data
• Discussion


  • Provides an explanation of all the results in relation to the previous studies presented in the literature review
• Conclusion


  • Contains the restatement of the major findings, the limitations of the study, the recommendations, and the implications
• References


  • Contains the different sources used in the study
• Guidelines in Writing a Research Report

  • Fifty to seventy-five percent of the paper should be devoted to results and discussion
  • Be sure to cite all your sources whether they are paraphrased or directly quoted
  • As with the previous types of written works, use direct quotations sparingly; paraphrase as much as possible
  • Strictly follow the required documentation style
  • Topics should be relevant, interesting, current, and manageable in terms of resources, skills needed, and time
  • Research questions should directly address the given topic
• Fifty to seventy-five percent of the paper should be devoted to results and discussion
• Be sure to cite all your sources whether they are paraphrased or directly quoted
• Use direct quotations sparingly; paraphrase as much as possible
• Strictly follow the required documentation style
• Topics should be relevant, interesting, current, and manageable in terms of resources, skills needed, and time
• Research questions should directly address the given topic
• Application letter


  Letter that accompanies your resume and highlights the strengths that you have listed in your resume
• Standard parts of a letter

  • Letterhead
  • Dateline
  • Inside address
  • Salutation or opening
  • Body or the message
  • Complimentary closing/ending
  • Signature line