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• The most popular theory of our Universe's origin centers on a cosmic cataclysm unmatched in all of history—the Big Bang
• Before the big bang, scientists believe, the entire vastness of the observable universe, including all of its matter and radiation, was compressed into a hot, dense mass just a few millimeters across
• The theory maintains that, in the instant—a trillion-trillionth of a second—after the big bang, the universe expanded with incomprehensible speed from its pebble-size origin to astronomical scope
• Expansion has apparently continued, but much more slowly, over the ensuing billions of years
• Big Bang Theory


  The theory that the universe began from a single primordial atom
• Georges Lemaitre first suggested the Big Bang Theory in the 1920s
• The glow of cosmic microwave background radiation, which is found throughout the universe, is thought to be a tangible remnant of leftover light from the big bang
• The Big Bang Theory leaves several major questions unanswered, including the original cause of the Big Bang itself
• Astronomers have acquired the first direct evidence that gravitational waves rippled through our infant universe during an explosive period of growth called inflation
• The findings were made with the help of NASA-developed detector technology on the BICEP2 telescope at the South Pole, in collaboration with the National Science Foundation

  
• Our universe burst into existence in an event known as the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago
• Moments later, space itself ripped apart, expanding exponentially in an episode known as inflation
• The gravitational waves produced a characteristic swirly pattern in polarized light, called "B-mode" polarization
• The BICEP2 experiment used 512 detectors, which sped up observations of the cosmic microwave background by 10 times over the team's previous measurements

  
• Before the modern heliocentric or sun-centered system of planetary motions was described by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543, the earth has been assigned the central place in the universe
• Copernicus placed the planets in circular paths around the sun and placed the earth as the sixth planet with its satellite, the moon
• Immanuel Kant, in 1755, and Laplace, in 1796, published closely related hypotheses which postulated that the solar system was derived from the condensation of an enormously dispersed gaseous atmosphere surrounding the sun

  
• The Nebular Hypothesis states that the solar system developed with the observed regularities in its motions

  
• The Planetesimal Theory supposed that the planetary system was formed from materials removed from the sun by tidal action caused by a passing star

  
• The Dust Cloud Theory assumed the nebula to have a composition mainly of hydrogen and helium, like the sun, with only 1% of heavier elements
• The Protoplanet Hypothesis states that the original nebula was so massive that on further contraction and flattening, it broke into separate clouds or protoplanets
• No one knows the boundaries or origin of the universe. The theories mentioned are just theories which need to be proven
• Ultraviolet radiations drove away into space remnants of the nebula and the large atmosphere of the planets, which thus looked like a swarm of comets with tails
• Safety


  • Unacceptable risks include indigestion or physical contact with any potentially hazardous materials, and undue physical, psychological, or emotional stress, including invasion of privacy
  • Live animals (in particular vertebrate animals- those with a backbone) should be housed, cared for, and observed in a safe and humane manner
• This hypothesis proposed a process that could have developed planetary systems around many stars
• Test for Safety and Practicality

  1. Address safety issues in your project proposal and check where the experiment will be performed and what safety gear will be used

  2. Measurability of changes to variables

  3. Availability of materials, time, and equipment
• The majority of yellow stars, like the sun, may possess systems of planets
• The solar system where the earth belongs is just a small part of the vastness that we call the universe
• No one knows the boundaries nor the origin of the universe
• Question


  The question I plan to investigate in my experiment
• It is unclear whether the universe originated suddenly in an enormous explosion or has been in a process of creation without a definite beginning or end
• Question Checklist


  • Have you met your teacher's requirements?
  • Is the topic interesting enough to read about, then work on for the next couple months?
  • Can you find at least three (3) sources of written information on the subject?
  • Can you measure changes to the important factors (variables) using a number that represents a quantity such as a count, percentage, length, width, weight, voltage, velocity, energy, time, etc.? Or, just as good, are you measuring a factor (variable) that is simply present or not present?
  • Can you design a "fair test" to answer your question?
  • Is your experiment safe to perform?
  • Do you have all the materials and equipment you need for your project, or will you be able to obtain them quickly and at a very low cost?
  • Do you have enough time to do your experiment more than once before the due date?
• The theories mentioned are just that, and need to be proven
• Background Research Plan Worksheet

  1. What question are you going to try to answer with the experiment?

  2. List the keywords and phrases from your question and the topic in general

  3. Develop at least two or three questions from each "question word"

  4. List steps or tasks that may require a formula or equation
• Bibliography Worksheet


  Use the format to list down the type of source
• The Research Paper


  • The history of similar experiments or inventions
  • Definitions of all important words and concepts that describe the experiment
  • Answers to all background research questions
  • Mathematical formulas, if any, needed to describe the results of experiment
• Subsystems of the Earth

  • Lithosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Biosphere
  • Atmosphere
• Lithosphere


  The rocky crust of the earth, composed mainly of different kinds of minerals
• Resource


  Stock or supply of anything that can be drawn on by anyone to function effectively
• Research Paper Checklist


  • Have you defined all important terms?
  • Have you clearly answered all your research questions?
  • Does background research enable you to make a prediction of what will occur in your experiment?
  • Will you have the knowledge to understand what causes the behavior you observe?
  • Currently accepted theories, facts, and data
  • Relevant mathematics/equations (if applicable)
  • Key discoveries and early researchers
  • Have you used the proper capitalization and punctuation?
  • Have you checked your grammar and spelling?