Mapeh

• Injuries resulting from violence

  Can be divided into self-inflicted (when a person harms himself/herself on purpose) and assault (when a person's harm other on purpose)
• Self-inflicted injury


  • Suicide - the intentional taking of one's own life
  • Parasuicide - a suicide attempt in which a person does not intend to die
• Classification of assault


  • Those that were committed within the Family
  • Those that were committed by peers
  • Those that were committed by the other groups
• Domestic violence


  An act that included physical assault (hitting, pushing and shoving), sexual abuse and verbal abuse
• Bullying


  An unwanted aggressive behavior that is repeated or an over time. It can be verbal, social, physical and cyberbullying
• Stalking


  A pattern of behavior that makes you feel afraid, nervous, harassed or in danger. It is when someone repeatedly contacts and follows you
• Extortion


  The act of using force or threats to force people to hand over their money or properties on favor
• Gang


  A street-based group of young people who regard themselves and many others as a group that engages in a range of criminal activity and violence
• Fraternity


  A group of people mostly with similar backgrounds, occupation, interests and tastes. Some of these are based in colleges, universities and communities. Initiation rites / Hazing (Activities that involve harassments, abuse or humiliation)
• Kidnapping


  Taking away or forcefully moving a person against his/her will and holding in unjust captivity
• State terrorism - States or governments can use force or threat of force without declaring war, to terrorize their citizens and achieve a political goal
• Verbal abuse


  A form of cruelty that involves the use of words to attack, control, and cause harm on another person
• Sexual abuse


  • A molestation where a person See's them as sexual objects
• Bioterrorism - Intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians, in the name of a political or other cause
• Cyberterrorism - The use of information technology to attack civilians and draw attention to the terrorists' cause
• Ecoterrorism - The use of violence in the interest of environmentalism
• Nuclear terrorism - Refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be used as a terrorist tactic
• Narcoterrorism - The use of violence by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent government's efforts in stopping the drug trade
• Incest - Sexual contact between persons who are so closely related that a marriage between them is considered illegal
• Molestation - The sexual abuse of a person (whether a child or adult) by an adult for sexual pleasure or profit. It may include fondling, mutual masturbation, sodomy, coitus, child pornography and child prostitution
• Rape - Forced sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal or oral penetration by a body part or an object
• Vocal Music of the romantic period

  Opera became increasingly popular during the Romantic Period
• Opera


  • A musical composition having all or most of its text set to music with arias, recitative, choruses, duets, trios, etc. sung by orchestral accompaniment
  • Usually characterized by elaborate costumes, scenery, and choreography
• Libretto


  • The text of an opera
  • Librettist and the composers work closely together to tell the story
• Score


  • The book the composers and librettist put together
  • Has all the musical notes, words, and ideas to help the performers tell the story
  • Often, there are opera's with overtures, preludes, prologues, several acts, finales, and postludes
• Recitative


  • The declamatory singing, used in the prose parts and dialogue of opera
  • Different roles in operas are created taking into account different types of voices
  • Each role requires a different type of singer, not only able to sing a given vocal range but also with certain voice characteristics, colors, and power
• Male voices

  • Tenor - the highest male voice
  • Baritone - the middle male voice, lies between Bass and Tenor
  • Bass - the lowest male voice
• Female voices

  • Soprano - highest Female voice
  • Coloratura - highest soprano voice
  • Lyric - bright and full sound
  • Dramatic - darker full sound
  • Contralto - lowest Female voice and most unique among Female
  • Mezzo-Soprano - most common Female voice; Strong middle voice, tone is darker or deeper than the Soprano
• Aria


  • A solo singing part sung by a principal character
  • This song is what the public will remember best when leaving the opera house
  • Properly and well sung, a beautiful aria can bring an audience to its feet and decide the fate of an entire opera
• Duet, trio, and other small ensemble

  • Chorus
  • Orchestra
• Acts


  Main divisions of an opera
• Scene


  Setting or place
• Musical terms used in opera

  • Acapella - one or more singers performing without instrumental accompaniment
  • Cantabile - in a singing style
  • Coda - closing section appended to a movement or song
  • Dolce - sweetly
  • Falsetto - a weaker and more airy voice usually in the higher pitch ranges
  • Glissade - sliding quickly between 2 notes
  • Passagin - parts of a singing voice where register transitions occur
  • Rubato - slight speeding up or slowing down of tempo of a place at the discretion of the soloist
  • Tessitura - the most comfortable singing range of a singer
  • Vibrato - rapidly repeatedly slight pitch variation during a sustained note, to give a richer and more varied sound
• Opera composers of the Romantic period

  • Franz Peter Schubert
  • Giuseppe Verdi
  • Giacomo Puccini
  • Richard Wagner
  • Georges Bizet
• Franz Peter Schubert


  • Developed Lieder to have a powerful dramatic impact on the listeners
  • Considered the last of the Classical Composers and one of the first Romantic ones
• Giuseppe Verdi


  • His characters are ordinary people and not the royal family like those found in German Operas
  • Insisted on a good libretto and wrote operas with political overtones and for middle-class audience
  • Almost all of his works are serious love stories with unhappy endings
  • Expressed vocal melody (the soul of a word opera)
• Giacomo Puccini


  • Came from a poor family
  • Studied at Milan Conservatory
  • Was a member of a group of composers who stressed on realism and drew material from everyday life, rejecting heroic themes from mythology and history
• Richard Wagner


  • Inspired by Ludwig Van Beethoven
  • Introduced new ideas in harmony and form including extremes of chromatism
  • Explained the limits of the traditional tonal system that gave keys and chords their own identities which paved the way for the rise of atonality in the 20th century
• Famous works by Wagner

  • Tristan and Isolde
  • Die Walkyrie
  • Die Meistersinger
  • Tannhauser
  • Parsifal
• Famous film series influenced by Wagner

  • Harry Potter
  • Lord of the Rings