MUSCULAR-SYSTEM

• Mvs


  • Insertion: attachment of the muscle's tendon to the movable bone. It is usually distal and pulled toward the origin.
  • Origin: attachment of a muscle's tendon to a stationary bone. It is usually proximal.
  • Body/Belly: fleshy portion of the muscle between tendons
• AP Actions


  Main movements that occur when muscle contracts
• Reverse Muscle Action (RMA)


  Positions and origin and insertion of a specific muscle are switched during specific movements
• Most muscles have an origin in one bone, have an insertion into another, and cross at least one joint
• Isometric contraction


  Tension increases, but muscle length stays the same
• Isotonic contraction


  Tensions remains the same, but muscle length decreases
• Muscle tone


  Small percentage of muscle fibers contracting tetanically and is responsible for posture
• Atony


  Lack of muscle tone
• Triangular muscle


  • Fascicles spread over a large, broad area converge at thick central tendons giving muscle a triangular appearance
• Pennate muscle


  • Short fascicles in relation to total muscle length which tendons extends nearly entire length of muscle
• Types of pennate muscles

  • Unipennate: fascicles arranged only at one side of tendon
  • Bipennate: fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
  • Multipennate: fascicles attached obliquely from many directions to several tendons
• Agonist


  Muscle causing a specific movement
• Antagonist


  Muscle causing the opposite movement
• Synergist


  Muscles working together. It assists a prime mover by reducing necessary movement. Prime mover is the muscle of synergistic group that is primarily responsible for movement
• Fixators


  Stabilises the origin of the prime mover to act more efficiently. It steadies the proximal end of a limb while movements occur at distal end
• Compartment


  Group of skeletal muscles, blood vessels, and nerves with common function
• Skeletal muscle nomenclature


  • Names of most common skeletal muscle contains combination of root words of distinctive features like pattern of muscle's size, shape, action, number of origins, and location
• Categories of skeletal muscle actions

  • Extensor: increases the angle at a joint
  • Flexor: decrease the angle at a joint
  • Abductor: moves limb away from the midline of the body
  • Adductor: moves the limb toward the midline of the body
  • Levator: moves the insertion upward
  • Depressor: moves the insertion downward
  • Rotator: rotates the bone along its axis
  • Sphincter: constricts an opening
• Intramuscular injection


  Penetrates the skin and subcutaneous layer to enter the muscle itself. Preferred when prompt absorption is desired, when larger doses than can be given subcutaneously are indicated, or when the drug is too irritating to give subcutaneously
• To avoid injury, intramuscular injections are given deep within the muscle, away from major nerves and blood vessels
• Intramuscular injections have a faster speed of delivery than oral medications but are slower than intravenous infusions
• Intramuscular injection sites: Gluteus maximus, Deltoid, Ventrogluteal muscle, Dorsogluteal, Vastus lateralis
• Bell's palsy


  Unilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression. The paralysis causes the entire side of the face to droop in severe cases
• Bell's palsy is due to damage or disease of the facial (VII) nerve. Possible causes include inflammation of the facial nerve due to an ear infection, ear surgery that damages the facial nerve, or infection by the herpes simplex virus
• Strabismus


  A condition in which the two eyeballs are not properly aligned. Each eye sends an image to a different area of the brain and because the brain usually ignores the messages sent by one of the eyes, the ignored eye becomes weaker; hence "lazy eye," or amblyopia, develops
• External strabismus results when a lesion in the oculomotor (III) nerve causes the eyeball to move laterally when at rest, and results in an inability to move the eyeball medially and inferiorly
• Internal strabismus results when a lesion in the abducens (VI) nerve causes the eyeball to move medially when at rest and cannot move laterally
• Dysphagia


  Clinical term for difficulty in swallowing
• Hernia


  A protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it, which creates a lump that can be seen or felt through the skin's surface. Inguinal hernia: a rupture or separation of a portion of the inguinal area of the abdominal wall resulting in the protrusion of a part of the small intestine
• Urinary stress incontinence


  The leakage of urine whenever intra-abdominal pressure is increased
• Kegel exercises


  Strengthen and tighten the muscles that support the pelvic viscera through exercises, the alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles of the pelvic floor
• Golfer's elbow


  A condition that can be caused by strain of the flexor muscles, especially the flexor carpi radialis, as a result of repetitive movements such as swinging a golf club
• Carpal tunnel syndrome


  Compression of the median nerve leads to sensory changes over the lateral side of the hand and muscle weakness in the thenar eminence. This results in pain, numbness, and tingling of the fingers
• Carpal tunnel syndrome may be caused by inflammation of the digital tendon sheaths, fluid retention, excessive exercise, infection, trauma, and/or repetitive activities that involve flexion of the wrist
• Treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome

  • Stretching
  • Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen or aspirin)
  • Wearing a wrist splint
  • Corticosteroid injections
  • Surgery to cut the flexor retinaculum and release pressure on the median nerve
• Groin pull


  Rupture or tear in in the five major muscle of the inner thigh. Most often occur during sprinting or twisting, or from kicking a solid, perhaps stationary object
• Symptoms of a groin pull may be sudden or may not surface until the day after the injury. Symptoms include sharp pain in the inguinal region, swelling, bruising, and inability to contract the muscles
• Pulled hamstrings


  A strain or partial tear of the proximal hamstring muscles
• Shin splint syndrome


  Pain or soreness along the tibia, specifically the medial, distal two-thirds. It may be caused by tendinitis of the anterior compartment muscles, especially the tibialis anterior muscle, inflammation of the periosteum (periostitis) around the tibia, or stress fractures of the tibia
• Compartment syndrome


  External or internal pressure constricts the structures within a compartment, resulting in damaged blood vessels and subsequent reduction of the blood supply (ischemia) to the structures within the compartment