schizophrenia

• Prevalence of mental illness in Weston nations across lifespan

  1 in 5
• What factors influence experience of mental illness

  Age

  Gender

  Cultural background

  
  

  Can be short lived or episodic
• How many people who experience mental illness receive any kind of intervention

  50%
• prevalence of schizophrenia


  0.5-1%

  10% first degree relative

  50% identical twins
• Why is schizophrenia the highest impact disorder

  Affects on individual

  Affects on family

  Economic cost associated with
• age of onset of schizophrenia

  Common 15-35

  Uncommon >40, <10
• Average age males and females develop schizophrenia

  Males: 21

  Females: 27
• Lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia

  5%
• Risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia

  Male

  Younger

  Higher level education

  Family history suicide

  Comorbid substance use

  Depressive symptoms

  Previous suicide attempts
• Why do schizophrenics die younger

  Up to 40% premature mortality due to suicide and unnatural deaths
• late-onset schizophrenia


  the schizophrenia that first appears after age 40
• social factor associated with the incidence of Schizophrenia

  lower socioeconomic status
• What's the annual societal cost of schizophrenia

  15 Billion US

  20 Billion Au

  11.8 Billion Pounds
• Difference between direct and indirect costs

  Direct: resources that are used to treat or support an individual with an illness.

  
  

  Indirect: value of the loss of productivity that schizophrenics and careers unable to contribute related to:

  
  

  -illness or

  -early mortality related to illness
• Examples of indirect costs of schizophrenia

  -Loss of earnings patient and career

  -income tax

  -Cost of support payments

  -Costs associated with absenteeism
• What's disability adjusted life years (DALYS)

  -largest amount of economic burden.

  
  

  -Sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of productive life lost due to disability.
• Diagnostic systems


  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the DSM

  
  

  The International Classification of Diseases or the ICD.
• What are the other criterions for schizophrenia

  -Degree of dysfunction

  -Duration

  -Exclusion of other possible causes

  
  

  Such as substance use or other mental illnesses
• Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia

  -Symptoms present 6/12 or longer

  -At least 1/12 active symptoms

  -At least 2+ symptoms below

  
  

  -Delusions

  -Hallucinations

  -Disorganized speech

  -Disorganized or catatonic behavior

  -Negative symptoms
• What category and criterion do we examine for Schizophrenia as per DSM5

  -Category: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders.

  -Criterion A (Symptoms):
• Positive and negative symptoms

  Positive: happening to much

  Negative: Occurring not enough
• Delusions


  -Positive symptom

  -Related to thought content

  -False belief

  -Two types (grandeur, persecutions)
• Delusions of grandeur


  Qualities making them superior to others
• Disorganized speech symptoms


  -Positive symptom

  -Related to thought form

  -Speech best reflection of thoughts

  -When thoughts disorganized and disturbed so is speech

  -Prolonged and extreme
• Disorganized speech types


  -Neologism

  -Word salad

  -Tangentiality
• Neologism


  -Made up word

  -Meaningless

  -Often two actual words combined
• Word salad


  Reflection of chaotic thought processes and meaningless
• Tangentiality


  Disturbance in associative thought patterns

  
  

  Go from one topic to another unrelated topic
• Tangentiality is normal, what differentiates it in schizophrenia


  -Failure to return to original topic

  -Lack insight
• Hallucinations


  -Disturbances of perception

  -False sensory experience
• Different types of Hallucinations

  -Auditory

  -Visual

  -Olfactory

  -Gustatory

  -Tactile
• Most common sensory modality hallucination

  -Auditory is most common

  -Hearing voices most common

  -Mostly negative
• What type of hallucination most common in organic brain disease

  Auditory
• Olfactory hallucination definition


  Snell
• Gustatory hallucination definition


  Taste
• Disorganized or catatonic behavior


  -Lack of focus or silliness

  -Psychomotor agitation

  -Purposeless activity

  -Self initiated bizarre postures

  -Non responsive
• Negative symptoms


  -Affect

  -Speech

  -Emotion

  -Alogia

  -Avolition

  -Lack self care hygiene
• Alogia


  -Poverty of speech

  -Involves lack of spontaneous speech

  -Impoverished thought processes
• Avolition


  Lack of motivation and social withdrawal
• Course of schizophrenia


  Episodic