Chap17

• Odor


  Norlam urine has an ammonia-like order. Sweet smells may indicate diabetes Mellitus or glucose being eliminated. Malodorous indicates liver failure or infection in the kidney or bladder.
• Nitrites


  Some gram-negative bacteria indicated the presence of infection
• Urobilinogen

  Formed in small intestines as byproducts of bilirubin breakdown and exerted in feces.
• Protein


  Found in normal urine however there is extra symptomatic damage to the glomerulus or several diseases.
• pH


  Can vary more than 1000-fold, normal low of 4.5 to a maximum of 8.0. What increases (alkaline) pH is meats while fruits and vegetables lower (acidic)the pH.
• Blood


  There should be no blood in urine. If there is a present of urine it can indicate a urinary tract or prostate infection.
• Specific gravity


  Is a measure of the quantity of solute per unit volume solution.
• Ketones


  Are byproducts of fat metabolism. If it is found in urine it suggests that the body is using fat as an energy source instead of glucose.
• Mellitus

  Refers to the sweet taste of sugar present in the urine
• Diabetes insipidus


  Refers to the lack of taste of extremely dilute urine
• Urinary system


  • Ability to filter the blood resides in about 2-3 million tufts of specialized capillaries
• Glomeruli filter the blood


  Based mostly on particle size elements like blood cells, platelets, antibodies, and albumin
• Glomerulus

  • First part of a nephron which continues as a highly specialized tubular structure responsible for creating final urine composition
• The normal range of urine production is 0.5-2 liters per day
• Polyuria

  Excessive urine production which may be due to diabetes mellitus or insipidus
• Urine testing categories

  • Color
  • Clarity
• Color

  Determines mostly the breakdown products of red blood cell destruction. Yellow pigment is called urochrome
• Clarity


  Decreased clarity can be an indication that protein is present in the sample or that infection is present