Exogenic and Endogenic Processes

• The process wherein the Earth is a system that interacts with itself; its subsystems also interact with each other in various ways

  Endogenic Processes
• The type of process made by the other subsystems.

  Exogenic Processes
• It is any process that includes geological phenomena and processes originating externally to the Earth's surface

  Exogenic
• It is the gradual on-site breakdown of rocks into sediments caused by many factors

  Weathering
• It is the physical breakdown of rock into unconnected grains and/or chunks without any chemical alteration

  Mechanical Weathering
• It is the splitting of intrusive rock sheets from its original formation

  Exfoliation
• It is the breakup of rocks due to being heated, making rocks expand; the cooling of the surface creates a contracting force that breaks it apart

  Thermal Expansion
• It is the process of forcefully breaking rocks apart via external factors

  Wedging
• It is when the outward force of expanding ice breaks the rock apart

  Frost Wedging
• It is when the roots break the rocks as they grow

  Root Wedging
• It occurs when the sea sprays salt solutions or if it seeped inside the rocks from the rocks from the groundwater, allowing salt crystals to grow and expand and breaking the stones in the process

  Salt Wedging
• It is the breakdown of a rock due to the chemical changes it is experiencing, either on its surface or near-surface

  Chemical Weathering
• It is the process where living organisms, such as plants and fungi, release chemicals into the affected rock to dissolve them

  Biological Weathering
• It is the separation of weathered and unweathered materials from its substrate due to the gravity or agents of transportation

  Erosion
• It is a type of erosion wherein the erosion where sediments and loose soil are carried by the wind to new locations, resulting in soil loss, soil dryness, soil structure deterioration, soil nutrient and productivity losses, and air pollution

  Wind Erosion
• It is a type of erosion that is caused by glacier movement, where rocks and ice being carried by glaciers weather against other stones on the Earth's surface

  Glacial Erosion
• It is a type of erosion that is through water interaction on the affected rock, moving the sediments in four ways

  Water/Tidal Erosion
• It is the movement caused by rolling or dragging large sediment grains aided by smaller grains pushing against them

  Traction
• It is the movement caused by repeated bouncing of sand grains as they are transported by water

  Saltation
• It is the movement observed in fine particles such as silt and clay

  Suspension
• It is the movement found in soluble materials such as salts

  Solution
• It is a type of erosion also known as mass movement, it is the downslope movement of rocks, soil, and ice due to the pull of gravity

  Mass Wasting
• It is a factor that contribute to mass wasting wherein it is the difference in elevation between two places creates slopes, allowing gravity to pull down the materials at higher elevations

  Relief
• It is a factor that contribute to mass wasting wherein it is the balance between the downslope force and the resistance force of the materials due to friction

  Slope Stability
• It is an imbalance if resistance force is greater

  Stability
• It is an imbalance if downslope is greater

  Slope Failure
• It is a factor that contributes to mass wasting wherein the rocks with weak joints or points can fall apart because they fragment from their original formation

  Fragmentation and Weathering
• It is an example of unbalanced forces

  Tectonic Vibration / Earthquakes
• It is an example of unbalanced forces wherein it is the changes in the slope angle, load, and slope support due to activities such as excavation of mountainsides and construction


  Changes in the structure of the slope
• It is an example of unbalanced forces wherein the soil is composed of various unconsolidated materials that can be easily eroded and weathered

  Material Composition
• These are the predominantly finer soil materials

  Earth
• These are the predominantly coarser soil materials

  Debris
• It is a general motion type that is any freefall movement, bouncing, and/or rolling of materials on a slope

  Fall
• It is a general motion type that is the forward rotation out of the slope of a soil and rock mass, with the rotation axis usually located at the base of the moving mass, below its center of gravity

  Topple
• It is a general motion type that is also known as slumps, this is the downslope movement of coherent materials along a distinct sliding surface, which could either form a planar or a curved surface

  Slide
• It is the general motion type that is the lateral extension and fracturing of a coherent mass due to the plastic flow of its underlying material, occurring mostly as slit layers in the affected areas

  Spread
• It is the general motion type that is the movement where materials become saturated and move downslope as a viscous fluid

  Flow
• It is the general motion type that is the combination of any of the five defined movements

  Complex
• It is a type of avalanche that involves extremely rapid movement of materials

  Rockslide-debris type
• It is another material movement that can be classified as extremely slow to prolonged motion

  Creep