History 3

• John Locke and Rousseau believed that the government had an obligation to the people it governed to protect their natural rights
• If the government failed to protect the people's natural rights

  The people had the right to overthrow the government
• Options for the people if the government fails to protect their natural rights

  • Overthrow the government
• The return of Charles II to England, after the death of Oliver Cromwell, meant that the British monarchy had been restored
• One of Louis XIV's major accomplishments

  Building the Palace of Versailles
• The Reformation sparked both the Enlightenment and scientific revolution by arguing and challenging tradition and authority
• Another name for the Enlightenment

  The Age of Reason
• Bishop Jacques Bossuet: 'The person of the King is sacred, and to attack him in any way is an attack on religion itself. Kings represent the divine majesty and have been appointed by Him to carry out His purposes. Serving God and respecting kings are bound together.'
• The philosophy described by the quote

  Divine Right (Absolute Rule)
• Mary Wollstonecraft believed that government and society would need to drastically change for equality to be achieved
• Events during the English Civil War

  • After executing the king, Parliament established a republic. The period of the republic become known as the Commonwealth.
  • The English people split into two factions known as Cavaliers (the king's supporters), and Roundheads (Parliament's Puritan supporters)
  • Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads into battles and became the Lord Protector after the Civil War
• Peter the Great defeated Sweden for the warm water port of the Baltic Sea, which was important because Russia could use the Baltic Sea for trade purposes
• The English Civil War was not a factor in the cause of the Glorious Revolution
• Philip II


  An absolute monarch and King of Spain who advanced Catholic power throughout the world
• Why Hobbes believed in Absolute Monarchies

  He believed people were wicked and needed to be controlled by powerful leaders
• The American Revolution and French Revolution were similar in that both were encouraged by the enlightenment ideas of natural rights and social contracts
• When William and Mary became joint monarchs of the English throne in 1688, they agreed to the English Bill of Rights
• The westernization and modernization of Russia came mostly through the actions and policies of Peter the Great
• The English political philosopher who argued all humans are born with natural rights including life, liberty, and property

  John Locke
• The application of science and reason to understanding the world resulted in the 1700s being known for the Enlightenment