houda

• U.S.A.


  • Largest City: New York City
  • Population: 331.9 millions (2021)
  • Names: America, U.S.A., United States of America, U.S.
  • Capital: Washington, D.C.
  • Government: Federal
  • Location: North America
  • Language: English
  • Nationality: American
  • Currency: US dollar
  • Religion: mainly Christians
• Vikings


  • They are believed by historians to have been the first Europeans to make it to North America
  • Around the year 1000 AD, a Norse explorer is credited with leading an expedition that landed in present-day Canada
  • They established a settlement known as Vinland
  • These voyages predated Columbus's arrival in the Americas by nearly 500 years
  • However, the Norse settlements in North America were short-lived and did not lead to permanent colonization
• Christopher Columbus


  • Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer sponsored by Spain, is often credited with "discovering" the New World, despite the presence of indigenous peoples and the earlier Norse landings
  • In 1492, seeking a westward route to Asia, Columbus set sail and instead landed in the Bahamas, marking the beginning of European exploration and colonization of the Americas
  • His voyages opened the way for the widespread European exploration and conquest of the Americas
  • Columbus made several subsequent voyages to the New World, exploring various Caribbean islands, the Gulf of Mexico, and the South and Central American coasts
• John Cabot


  • John Cabot, born in Italy, was an explorer who is credited with the discovery of parts of North America under the commission of Henry VII of England in 1497
  • Cabot's journey across the Atlantic led him to the coast of North America making him the first European since the Vikings to explore the mainland of North America
  • His expeditions along the North American coast helped to lay the groundwork for the later British claim to Canada
• Amerigo Vespucci


  • Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer for whom the Americas are named, played a crucial role in demonstrating that the lands discovered by Columbus and other explorers were not part of Asia but a distinct continent
  • He was sponsored by Portugal
  • His voyages along the coast of South America between 1499 and 1502 provided vital geographical information
  • It was his accounts and letters, particularly the descriptions of his voyages, that convinced European scholars and mapmakers that these new lands were part of a separate continent
• During the Age of Discovery, Europeans wanted to find a seaway to Asia to get spices and silk more easily and cheaply, avoiding the expensive and long land routes controlled by others
• They were also curious, wanted to spread their religion, and hoped to find new lands. This search led them to accidentally discover the Americas
• First settlers of the British colonies in the 1600s

  • English
  • Dutch
  • Swedish
  • German
  • French
  • Scottish
  • Northern Irish
• By 1690, 250,000 people lived in the British colonies
• Black Africans, arrived as slaves
• Economic immigrants (16th century)


  • Wealthy Englishmen
  • English farmers (due to enclosure and overcrowdedness)
  • Irish immigrants (due to the famine of the 1840s)
• Push factors for English colonies/causes of immigration

  • Hunger
  • Overpopulation
  • Religious oppression
• Pull factors for English colonies/causes of immigration

  • New land
  • Food
  • Raw materials
  • Gold
  • New opportunities
  • Freedom
  • New markets (spices, pepper)
• People of the English colonies

  • English settlers (90% of colonial population by end of 17th century)
  • Other Europeans (Dutch, Germans, French, Italians, Spanish, Portuguese - 10% of voluntary settlers)
  • Indentured servants
  • Native Americans
  • Africans and slaves
• Diseases spread from Old World to New World

  • Smallpox
  • Measles
  • Chicken Pox
  • Malaria
  • Yellow Fever
  • Influenza
  • The Common Cold
  • Syphilis (STD)
• Animals spread from Old World to New World

  • Horses
  • Cattle
  • Pigs
  • Sheep
  • Goats
  • Chickens
  • Turkeys
  • Llamas
  • Alpacas
  • Guinea Pigs
• Plants spread from Old World to New World

  • Rice
  • Wheat
  • Barley
  • Oats
  • Coffee
  • Sugarcane
  • Bananas
  • Melons
  • Olives
  • Dandelions
  • Daisies
  • Clover
  • Ragweed
  • Kentucky Bluegrass
• Plants spread from New World to Old World

  • Corn (Maize)
  • Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)
  • Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)
  • Tobacco
  • Peanuts
  • Squash
  • Peppers
  • Tomatoes
  • Pumpkins
  • Pineapples
  • Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
  • Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
  • Papayas
  • Manioc (Tapioca)
  • Guavas
  • Avocados
• The 13 Colonies


  • New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire)
  • Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland)
  • Southern Colonies (Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina)
• Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689


  • The overthrow of the Catholic King James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange
  • It involved complex motives including both political and religious concerns
  • It changed how England was governed, giving Parliament more power over the monarchy and planting seeds for the beginnings of political democracy
• French and Indian War (1754-1763)


  • It was a war between competing imperial powers France and England, both trying to expand their empires in North America
  • French holdings in North America extended in an arc from the mouth of Saint Lawrence River, down the Mississippi to New Orleans
  • Native American Indians tended to side with the French, fearing they would lose more if England controlled their land
  • The war ended in 1763 with the Peace of Paris, England gaining control of all land east of the Mississippi, gaining Canada from France, and Florida from Spain
• Britain's war with France

  Gave her a larger empire but also put her heavily into debt in order to finance the cost of the war
• Britain's war debt and need to pay for defense and control of her empire


  Led to a change in England's colonial policy from lenient tax control before the war to a policy of tighter control and revenue-raising taxes after the war