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• Windows 1.0 (1985)


  Debut version of the Windows OS, featuring a graphical user interface (GUI) with tiled windows. Primarily a graphical extension of MS-DOS.
• Windows 2.0 (1987)


  Introduced overlapping windows and improved graphical elements. Enhanced functionality and better support for applications.
• Windows 3.0 (1990)


  Significant upgrade with improved performance and multimedia support. Introduction of Program Manager and File Manager.
• Windows 95 (1995)


  Major milestone with the Start menu, taskbar, and support for 32-bit applications. Introduction of Plug and Play, long filenames, and the Windows Registry.
• Windows 98 (1998)


  Improved stability, support for USB devices, and Internet Explorer 4.0 integration. Introduction of Windows Driver Model (WDM) for improved device support.
• Windows ME (Millennium Edition) (2000)

  Focused on multimedia and home networking features. Criticized for instability and compatibility issues.
• Windows NT 3.1 (1993)


  Introduction of the Windows NT family with advanced security and stability features.
• Windows 2000 (2000)


  Merged Windows NT with consumer-oriented features from Windows 98.
• Windows XP (2001)


  Major release with improved stability, performance, and a redesigned interface.
• Windows Vista (2007)


  Introduced Aero visual style, User Account Control (UAC), and Windows Sidebar. Faced criticism for performance issues and compatibility challenges.
• Windows 7 (2009)


  Well-received successor to Windows Vista with improved performance, stability, and UI enhancements. Introduced features like Libraries and Aero Peek.
• Windows 8 (2012)


  Significant departure with the introduction of the Metro UI and emphasis on touch-centric interfaces. Controversial removal of the Start menu in favor of the Start screen.
• Windows 8.1 (2013)


  Update to Windows 8, reintroducing the Start button and offering various UI improvements.
• Windows 10 (2015)


  Unified platform across devices with a focus on continuity and universal apps. Introduction of Cortana, virtual desktops, and the Edge browser. Adopted a "Windows as a Service" model with regular updates.
• Windows 11 (2021)


  Latest major release with a redesigned UI, centered taskbar, and improved performance. Enhanced support for gaming, productivity, and touch input.
• Macintosh System Software (1984-1991)


  The original operating system for Macintosh computers, which evolved through various iterations, including System 1, System 6, and System 7. Introduced features such as the graphical user interface (GUI), icons, and the Finder.
• Mac OS 8 (1997) and Mac OS 9 (1999)


  Improved stability, performance, and support for new hardware. Introduced features such as the Platinum UI design, Sherlock search tool, and multiple users support.
• Mac OS X (2001)


  A major overhaul of the Mac operating system based on the NeXTSTEP platform acquired from NeXT. Introduced Unix-based architecture, preemptive multitasking, and protected memory. Featured the Aqua user interface with translucent elements and the Dock.
• Mac OS X 10.0 "Cheetah" (2001) - Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger" (2005)


  Series of releases focused on refining the new Mac OS X platform. Introduced significant features such as Quartz Extreme, Exposé, and Spotlight.
• Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" (2007)


  Introduced Time Machine for easy backups, Spaces for virtual desktops, and Boot Camp for dual-booting with Windows. Enhanced security features with the introduction of FileVault.
• Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" (2009)


  Focused on performance improvements, efficiency, and under-the-hood optimizations. Introduction of Grand Central Dispatch and OpenCL for better multicore and GPU performance.
• OS X 10.7 "Lion" (2011)


  Introduced the Mac App Store for easy access to applications. Introduced Launchpad for a more iOS-like app launcher experience.
• OS X 10.8 "Mountain Lion" (2012)


  Integrated iCloud services deeper into the operating system. Introduced features such as AirPlay Mirroring and Notification Center.
• OS X 10.9 "Mavericks" (2013)

  Focused on improving battery life and performance. Introduced Finder Tabs and Tags for better file organization.
• OS X 10.10 "Yosemite" (2014)


  Introduced a flatter, more modern design language. Enhanced continuity features with Handoff, allowing seamless transition between Mac and iOS devices.
• OS X 10.11 "El Capitan" (2015)


  Focused on performance improvements and refinements. Introduced Split View for easier multitasking.
• macOS 10.12 "Sierra" (2016)


  Renamed to macOS to align with Apple's other operating systems. Introduced Siri integration and Universal Clipboard for seamless copy-paste between devices.
• macOS 10.13 "High Sierra" (2017)

  Focused on under-the-hood improvements, including the transition to the Apple File System (APFS). Introduced Metal 2 graphics API for improved performance and capabilities.
• macOS 10.14 "Mojave" (2018)

  Introduced Dark Mode for a new appearance option. Enhanced privacy features and security improvements.
• macOS 10.15 "Catalina" (2019)


  Deprecated support for 32-bit applications. Introduced Sidecar for using an iPad as a secondary display.
• macOS 11.0 "Big Sur" (2020)


  First version to be numbered 11.x, breaking the macOS X naming convention. Major redesign with updated UI elements and Control Center. Enhanced compatibility with Apple Silicon Macs.
• macOS 12 "Monterey" (2021)


  Further integrate macOS with iOS and iPadOS, with features such as Universal Control and AirPlay to Mac. Continuation of design language introduced in macOS Big Sur.
• macOS 12 "Ventura" (2022)


  macOS Ventura includes changes, many related to productivity, and adds two apps from iOS and iPadOS: Weather and Clock. New system feature: Stage Manager, which provides an alternative interface for multitasking, in addition to the previous Mission Control.
• macOS 12 "Sonoma (2023)


  macOS Sonoma includes a number of new features and improvements, mainly focused on productivity and creativity. Apple announced developer tools for porting Windows games to macOS. The Game Porting Toolkit (GPTK), derived from Wine and released in beta.
• Linux Kernel 0.01 (1991)


  The initial release by Linus Torvalds, containing basic features for a functional operating system.
• Linux Kernel 1.0 (1994)


  First official stable release of the Linux kernel. Marked significant progress in stability, hardware support, and functionality.
• Red Hat Linux (1994)

  Red Hat's first Linux distribution, which eventually evolved into Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). Introduced package management system RPM (Red Hat Package Manager).
• Debian 1.0 (1996)


  First stable release of the Debian Linux distribution. Emphasized stability, reliability, and adherence to the Free Software Foundation's guidelines.
• Slackware 1.0 (1993)


  One of the oldest surviving Linux distributions. Known for its simplicity and adherence to Unix-like principles.
• SuSE Linux 4.2 (1996)


  Early version of the SuSE (now openSUSE) Linux distribution. Notable for its user-friendly installation process and comprehensive documentation.