[EPIDEMIOLOGY_LAB] DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH INDICATORS

• What are the three Broad Categories of Rates?

  Crude, Specific, Standard Rates
• Rates that apply to an entire population, without reference to any characteristics of the individual in it.

  Crude Rates
• Data are presented without any processing or adjustment.

  Crude Rates
• When a population is divided into more, homogeneous subgroups based on a particular characteristic of interest rates are calculated within these groups.

  Specific Rates
• It is also known as adjusted rates.

  Standard Rates.
• Crude rates that have been modified or adjusted to control for the effect of age or other characteristics and allow valid comparisons of rates.

  Standard Rates
• Standard Rates is also known adjusted rates.
• Summary rate based on actual number of events of morbidity or mortality in a total population over a given period of time.

  Standard Rates
• Standardization are usually applied to death rates, but it may be used to any type of rates.
• Standardization are usually applied to death rates, but it may be used to any type of rates.
• "CRUDE RATES"

  Rates that apply to an entire population, without reference to any characteristics of the individual in it.
• "CRUDE RATE"

  Data are presented without any processing or adjustment.
• "SPECIFIC RATES"

  When a population is divided into more, homogeneous subgroups based on a particular characteristic of interest rates are calculated within these groups.
• "STANDARD RATES"

  Are crude rates that have been modified or adjusted to control for the effect of age or other characteristics and allow valid comparisons of rates.
• Mortality measures are those that use the number of deaths in the numerator.
• It measures the impact of mortality in a population.

  Crude Death Rates
• It tells how fast deaths are occurring in a specific population.

  Crude Death Rates.
• It is more easily obtained because deaths in a population are usually registered.

  Crude Death Rates
• "CRUDE DEATH RATES"

  It measures the impact of mortality in a population.
• "CRUDE DEATH RATES"

  It tells how fast deaths are occurring in a specific population.
• "CRUDE DEATH RATES"

  Are more easily obtained because deaths in a population are usually registered.
• "CRUDE DEATH RATES"

  Used to compare mortality in different populations or groups.
• When a population is divided into more homogenous subgroups based on a particular characteristic of interests

  Specific Rates
• "SPECIFIC RATES"

  When a population is divided into more homogenous subgroups based on a particular characteristic of interests.
• "SPECIFIC RATES"

  Frequency of the event of interest is unknown for the subgroups of the population.
• "SPECIFIC RATES"

  Size of the subgroups is unknown
• "SPECIFIC RATES"

  Number of people at risk for the event are too small to provide stables estimates of the specific rates.
• What are the two indicators of Mortality?

  Crude Death Rate and Cause of Death Rate
• "MORTALITY INDICATOR"

  Used to determine the leading causes of mortality.

  Cause-of-Death Rate
• "REASONS FOR STANDARDIZATION"

  It removes the effect of differences in the composition of the populations whose rates are being compared.
• "REASONS FOR STANDARDIZATION"

  To obtain a single summary measure for the whole population which is more easily compared with other summary indices than a series of specific rates.
• What are the two methods of Standardization?

  Direct and Indirect Standardization
• "METHOD OF STANDARDIZATION"

  Is the single most common method to remove the biasing effect of different age structure in different population.

  Direct Standardization
• "DIRECT STANDARDIZATION"

  The ASDRs of the population to be compared are applied to a single, standard population.
• "DIRECT STANDARDIZATION"

  Is the single most common method to remove the biasing effect of different age structure in different population.
• "METHODS OF STANDARDIZATION"

  Is used if ASDRs are unavailable in the population whose crude death rate needs to be adjusted.

  Indirect Standardization
• "INDIRECT STANDARDIZATION"

  Used if the population to be standardized is small.
• "INDIRECT STANDARDIZATION"

  Is used if ASDRs are unavailable in the population whose crude death rate needs to be adjusted.
• DATA - Category or Specific Rate, DIRECT - Populations being studied, INDIRECT - Standard Population
• DATA - Category or Specific Rate, DIRECT - Populations being studied, INDIRECT - Standard Population