polyg 1st

• Psychophysiology


  The study of the relationship between physiological processes and psychological phenomena
• Topics

  • Early Methods of Detecting Deception
  • Ordeals Practice in Other Countries
  • Historical Background of Polygraph
  • Other Pioneers in the Field of Deception Detection
  • Scientific Method of Detecting Deception
• Lesson Objectives


  • Trace the historical development of lie-detection
  • Explain and define the underlying principles of the scientific and non-scientific methods of detecting deception
  • Identify persons who made notable contributions to the early and contemporary history of lie-detection
  • Identify significant persons and research related to the modern polygraph equipment and technology
  • Identify those people responsible for the development of the polygraph instrument and modern techniques used in polygraph tests
• Polygraph


  Many writings/Charts
• Polygraphy


  The scientific method of detecting deception with the aid of a polygraph instrument
• The best-known method of detecting deception is the use of the polygraph technique often incorrectly referred to as the "lie detector"
• The search for a reliable means to identify the untrustworthy is as ancient as man
• Some early techniques were founded in superstitious and/or the religious belief that "God would in some way reveal the truth and disallow the immorality"
• Many of these early attempts had some psychological and physiological basis, while other methods relied solely on fear or continued pain and torture
• Ordeal


  A severe test of character or endurance, trying course of experience, and a medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the result being considered a divine judgement of guilt or innocence
• Early Methods of Detecting Deception

  • Red Hot Iron Ordeal
  • Wager of Battle
  • Ordeal by water (Boiling Water Ordeal, Cold Water Ordeal)
  • Ordeal by Balance
  • Ordeal by Rice Chewing
  • Ordeal of the Red Water
  • Ordeal by Combat
  • Ordeal of the Corsnaed
  • Test of the Eucharist
  • Ordeal of Bier
  • Ordeal of the Needle
  • Ordeal by Heat and Fire
  • Trial of the Cross
  • Trial of the Waxen Shirt
  • Hereditary Sieve Method
  • Donkey's Tail Ordeal
  • Ordeal of the Tiger
• Ordeals Practiced in Other Countries

  • Burma (Ordeal by divination)
  • Madagascar (Ordeal of the "tangena" fruit)
  • Borneo (Ordeal of the shellfish)
  • Greece (Ordeal of the suspended axe)
  • Nigeria (Ordeal of the greased feather, Ordeal of the corrosive liquid, Ordeal of the boiling oil)
• In the middle of the 13th century the ordeal had died out in England and in other continents
• Historical Background of Polygraph

  In the middle of the 19th century Dr. Hans Gross defined "search for truth" as a basis and goal of all criminal investigations, stating "a large part of the criminal work is nothing more than a battle against lies"
• Four Components of Polygraph

  • Pneumograph
  • Cardiosphymograph
  • Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR)
  • Kymograph
• Development of Cardiosphymograph Component

  • Angelo Mosso (1895) studied fear and its influence on the heart, forming the basis for detecting technique
  • Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception, the "Hydrosphymograph"
  • William Moulton Marston (1915) self-proclaimed "father of the Polygraph"
  • John A. Larson (1921) developed the "Larson's Polygraph" Breadboard Lie Detector
• Components of Polygraph

  • Pneumograph
  • Cardiosphymograph
  • Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR)
  • Kymograph
• Development of Cardiosphymograph Component

  1. Angelo Mosso (1895) studied fear and its influence on the heart

  2. Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception, known as "Hydrosphymograph"

  3. William Moulton Marston (1915) self-proclaimed "father of the Polygraph"

  4. John A. Larson (1921) devised the first practical polygraph, giving a continuous recording of blood pressure and respiration

  5. Leonarde Keeler (1926) invented the "Keeler Polygraph" which was an improvement of Larson's apparatus

  6. Chester W Darrow (1930) made a third modification to the Larson Cardio-Pneumo Psychograph, by adding a Galvanometer
• Development of Pneumograph Component

  1. Vittorio Benussi (1914) detected deception with a pneumograph

  2. Harold Burtt (1918) determined that respiratory changes were indications of deception
• Development of Galvanograph Component


  1. Luigi Galvani (1791) accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer

  2. Jacques D'Arsonval (1851) declared that electricity is generated by the body, known as "External Friction"

  3. Charles Samson Fere (1888) discovered that electrodermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the heart and vital energy converted with human emotions

  4. Sticker (1897) made the first suggestion to use galvanograph for detecting deception

  5. Veraguth (1907) coined the term "Psychogalvanic Reflex"

  6. Francis Franke developed plethysmograph used in studying fear and its influence on the person's heartbeat and respiration

  7. Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns (1951) developed the Electronic Psychometric using Electrodermal Response as a basis for lie detection
• Development of Questioning Techniques

  1. Leonarde Keeler (1942) developed "relevant - Irrelevant Test", "Personally embarrassing question", "Un-reviewed control questions or "surprise question", "Card Test" and specialized in "Peak of Tension Test"

  2. John E. Reid (1950) developed "Reviewed Control Question" and "Guilt – Complex Test", known as the Father of Control Question

  3. Cleve Backster (1960) developed "Backster Zone Comparison Test"
• Early Publications of Polygraph

  • Sir James Mckenzie (1906) "The Ink Polygraph"
  • Vittorio Benussi (1913) presented a paper before the second meeting of the Italian Society for Psychology in Rome
  • Richard O. Archer (1953) recorded simultaneously on regular basis the chest and abdominal breathing patterns and two galvanic skin reflexes
  • Richard I. Golden (1969) presented a paper at the Annual Seminar of American Polygraph Association at Houston, Texas
• Other Pioneers in the Field of Deception Detection

  • Francis Galton (1879) "Word Association Test"
  • Allen Bell (1972) "Psychological Stress Evaluation (PSE)"
  • Arton Mesmer (1778) Hypnotism
• Word Association Test (WAT)


  Method introduced in 1879 by Sir Francis Galton, where a subject responds with the first word that comes to mind to a list of stimulus words or objects
• Psychological Stress Evaluation (PSE)


  Aside from polygraph, a modern gadget in lie detection that detects lying by measuring the level of stress experienced by the subject through his recorded voice
• Hypnotism


  Method introduced by Austrian Physician Franz (Friedrich) Anton Mesmer in 1778, where a subject is set up and instructed to sit quietly and gaze at a flashing light or shiny object
• Detected deception through hypnosis was not admissible in court due to the possibility of fabrication, distortion of facts, and the subjective nature of the examiner's state of mind and professionalism
• During the 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross, known as the "father of Criminalistics", defined the search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigations, asserting that a large part of the criminalist's work is fighting against lies
• Throughout the centuries, man continued to experiment with more scientific methods in determining truth and deception, with the development of the polygraph technique as the scientific means of detecting deception
• Ordeal, Trial or judicium Dei and a practice of referring disputed questions to the judgment of God


  Ordeal, Trial or judicium Dei and a practice of referring disputed questions to the judgment of God
• Red Hot Iron Ordeal


  Practiced in the hill tribe of North Bengal part of India, the accused had to carry a bar of red hot-iron in his hands while he walked nine marked paces.
• Wager of BattleThe judgment of God was thought to determine the winner.üSimilar in concept is the Burmese ordeal by divination.

  Which involved two sides in a disputed holding lighted candles. Whoever’s candle lasted longest was pronounced the winner
• Wager of Battle


  The judgment of God was thought to determine the winner.

  Similar in concept is the Burmese ordeal by divination.

  Which involved two sides in a disputed holding lighted candles. Whoever’s candle lasted longest was pronounced the winner.
• Ordeal by water


  The water was symbolic of the flood of the Old Testament, washing sins from the face of the earth, allowing only the righteous minority to survive.
• Ordeal by water


  Consisted of lifting a stone out of boiling water, with the hand inserted as deep as the wrist.

  The burn was bandaged for three days before fateful examination.
• Cold Water Ordeal


  The usual mode of trial for witchcraft. The accused was tied at his feet and hands and was lowered to cold water by rope. Fung into a body of water.
• Ordeal by Balance


  Practiced in the institute of Vishnu, India, a scale of balance is used. In one end of the scale the accused is placed and in the other end is a counter balance
• Ordeal by Rice Chewing


  It is performed with a kind of rice called sathee. Prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats the sathee.
• Ordeal of the Red Water


  The ordeal of the “sassy bark” or red water is used in the wide region of Eastern Africa.
• Ordeal by Combat


  The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged offender or to pay a champion to fight for him “judgment of God was thought to determine the winner”.