psych people

• Alfred Adler: 

  A Neo-Freudian, focused on parenting styles: also emphasized inferiority.  When we are born we start off weak then strive to overcome these  deficiencies by becoming superior to those around us - a driving force  behind human thoughts, emotions and behaviors- it is possible to develop  an inferiority complex.
• Mary Ainsworth: 

  Most famous for her work in early emotional attachment with "The Strange  Situation." Experiment. The child's reactions are observed while playing for  20 minutes while caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room,  recreating the flow of the familiar and unfamiliar presence in most  children's lives. The effects vary in stressfulness. 
• Gordon Allport: 

  Believed a person’s personality could be organized into three levels of traits.  Cardinal traits dominate and shape a person's behavior. These are rare as  most people lack single themes that shape their lives. Central traits a  general characteristic found in some degree in every person. An example of  a central trait would be honesty. Secondary traits are characteristics seen  only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very  close friend may know).  
• Albert Bandura: 

  Famous for the Bobo doll study- explained the social learning theory.  Aggression is learned through observing and imitating others. The  experiment is important because it sparked many more studies on the  effects of violent media on children.
• Aaron Beck:  

  The father of cognitive therapy, specializes in clinical depression.  Developed the cognitive triad of depression: people who are depressed  have negative thoughts about themselves, their future, and the word in  which they live 
• Alfred Binet:  

  A French psychologist that came up with the first widely used intelligence  test. He was hired by the French public school system to find children that  needed special help. First used the IQ formula: MA/CA * 100= IQ.  Influenced today's widely accepted intelligence test, the Stanford-Binet test. 
• Paul Broca: 

  Physician that reported after damage to specific area of the left frontal lobe,  known as Broca's area, a person would have trouble forming words but still  be able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech 
• Raymond Cattell: 

  He is best known for his discovery of 16 underlying personality traits and  his methods for measuring the traits are known as the 16 personality factor  model and the 16 PF questionnaire. Used factor analysis 
• Noam Chomsky: 

  One of the fathers of modern linguistics. His theory of generative grammar  emphasizes universal grammar. His view was different from B.F. Skinners  because he thought that certain aspects of linguistic knowledge were innate 
• Hermann Ebbinghaus: 

  Famous for creating the forgetting curve. States that we forget the most  information within the first 20 minutes, then an hour, then a day. The  forgetting curve is exponential, just like the learning curve.
• Paul Ekman: 

  Studied facial expressions and how they reflected emotions. He believed  there were six basic emotions that were universal and expressed in the same  way in any culture. They are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and  surprise.  
• Albert Ellis: 

  Developed the psychotherapeutic approach known as rational emotive  behavior therapy (REBT), which aims to help patients overcome irrational  beliefs and unrealistic expectations- taught to eliminate self-defeating  thoughts while focusing on those that were beneficial. 
• Erik Erikson: 

  A neo-Freudian; most famous for his stages in psychosocial development,  which are based on Freud’s five stages. Each of the eight stages includes a  crisis that could go one of two ways. Examples include trust vs. mistrust in  babies, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, identity vs. role confusion in  adolescents, etc. 
• Hans Eysenck: 

  He stated that intelligence was largely inherited and believed that all  personality traits could be summarized by these two dimensions, which he  called super traits. They are extroversion (introversion) and emotional  stability or neuroticism (instability) 
• Sigmund Freud: 

  Often know as the father of modern psychology and psychoanalysis.  Believed that the unconscious determines everything we do. His theories  include the ideas of the stages of psychosexual development (oral, anal,  phallic, latent, genital) and the three parts of the mind- the id, ego, and  superego. Believed that dreams, free association, and hypnosis could reveal  the unconscious mind.
• Phineas Gage: 

  A railroad worker who had a large iron rod go completely through his left  frontal lobe while working. He became a very angry person after his  accident. His case concluded that specific areas of the brain affect  personality. 
• Howard Gardner: 

  Created the theory of multiple intelligences that opposed Spearman's idea  of one general intelligence. Believed there are eight 'smarts,' which are  language smarts, logic smarts, music smarts, spatial smarts, kinesthetic  smarts, intrapersonal smarts, interpersonal smarts, and nature smarts.
• Carol Gilligan: 

  Believed that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development was male-centered  and believed that boys are more likely to apply moral rules to all contexts  where girls are more likely to consider relationships when making a  decision 
• Francis Galton: 

  Developed the idea of "nature vs. nurture". He studied genetics and how  they affected people's individualism. Nature means how a person acts  because of their genetics and nurture means how a person acts based on  their environment. He believed nature is the most important in the debate. 
• Daniel Goleman: 

  Most famous for his work with Emotional Intelligence, Emotional  intelligence is how well you handle your feelings and how well you get  along with others. He, a long with other psychologists, believes that EQ  (emotional intelligence) may be more indicative to a person’s success in life  than academic IQ. 
• Harry Harlow: 

  Raised monkeys with two artificial mothers. one represented nourishment,  the other contact/comfort. Discovered monkeys would feed from harsh  mom with the food, but quickly return to soft cloth mom for a safe/secure  base. Humans act the same way, we are social creatures who need contact to  thrive.
• Ernest Hilgard: 

  Best known for his research on hypnosis. Creator of the hypnosis theory of a  "hidden observer" where a person undergoing hypnosis can observe his or  her pain without feeling any actual suffering.  
• Karen Horney: 

  Neo-Freudian, named parental indifference the true culprit behind neurosis  and said the key to understanding this phenomenon is the child's  perception- children can overcome the Oedipus Complex if they have  loving parents. 
• William James: 

  Wrote the first influential textbook on psychology, called Principles of Psychology (1890), a leading psychologist in the Functionalism movement,  which emphasized the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness. 
• William James and Carl Lange: 

  Came up with the James- Lange theory of emotion. The theory proposes  that emotions occur because of physiological reactions to events. This  means that based on how your body physically reacts to an event, your  mind will decide the emotion you are feeling. (Smiling makes you feel  happy)
• Carl Jung: 

  A Neo-Freudian, believed with Freud's "personal unconscious" but also  though humans have a collective unconscious - a shared, inherited reservoir  of memory traces from our species' history. Also studied persona different “masks” we wear in social situations. 
• Garcia and Koelling: 

  Discovered taste aversion when looking at effects of radiation on rats. Rats  became nauseous from the radiation, but since the taste of water from a  plastic bottle was accidentally paired with this radiation, the rats developed  an aversion for this water. 
• Lawrence Kohlberg: 

  Came up with 3 moral development stages. The first is Pre-conventional  (acted whether they would gain rewards or punishment). The second is  conventional morality (actions that uphold social rules in intent to be liked  by others and gain approval). The third is post-conventional (abstract  reasoning for their actions)  
• Elizabeth Loftus: 

  Known for her work in the study of false memory formation and the  misinformation effect. Famous for her car crash experiment- After viewing a  video, those who were asked the question with the smashed wording were  much more likely to "remember" seeing broken glass in a later question (in  reality, no glass had been broken in the accident). They also remembered  the car as driving much faster.
• Konrad Lorenz: 

  Rediscovered imprinting (phase-sensitive learning) which famously  included Lorenz acting as the mother-figure for Mallard Ducks. There is a  critical period for attachment.
• Abraham Maslow: 

  Founded Humanistic Psychology, which focused on the individual and self  directed choices that influenced behavior (humans are basically good).  Developed a Hierarchy of Needs that addresses physiological needs, safety  needs, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. 
• Stanley Milgram: 

  Most famous experiment: The authority figure told the teacher to test the  learner word pairs, and if the learner were to answer wrong, the teacher  would have to punish the student by electric shocks which got stronger  each time. Although no actual shocks were given, more than 60% had  'shocked' the learner up to full voltage. Proved that people will do things mainly because an authority figure had prompted the teacher to do so. 
• Ivan Pavlov: 

  His experiments with dogs led him to discover classical conditioning.  Discovered that he could condition dogs to salivate at the sound of a tone  when the tone was repeatedly presented with food. He also discovered that  if he sounded the bell over and over then the reaction would become  extinct, but it may reappear the next day when the bell is sounded spontaneous recovery. 
• Jean Piaget : 

  Studied the cognitive development of children. Defined four stages of  cognitive development: sensorimotor, in which babies develop object  permanence and stranger anxiety; preoperational, in which toddlers are  egocentric; concrete operational, in which children develop ideas such as  conservation; and formal operational, in which people ages 12+ begin to  understand abstract concepts.
• Carl Rogers:  

  Humanistic psychologist who used the theory of self-concept. To help his  clients get back on the road to self-actualization, he developed a therapeutic  approach called client-centered therapy, in which the therapist offers the  client unconditional positive regard by supporting the client regardless of  what is said. 
• Hermann Rorschach: 

  Most famous for his Rorschach inkblot test- designed to reflect unconscious  parts of the personality that "project" onto the stimuli. Individuals were  shown 10 inkblots, one at a time, and asked to report what objects or figures  they saw in each of them. 
• David Rosenhan: 

  His experiment tested the validity of psychiatric diagnosis of insanity. He  sent fake patients who pretended to have disorders to mental hospitals and  they were still treated for months after reporting feeling fine. It showed that  clearly doctors can't distinguish between the sane from the insane in such  environments. 
• Martin Seligman: 

  He is famous for theorizing about 'learned helplessness'- that one will start  to act helpless in a situation if they find that the can't stop the harmful  stimulus, even if they actually do have the power to stop it. He found that  dogs who had been shocked continuously would not escape even when  given the ability to do so. 
• Hans Selye: 

  Responsible for the idea of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). First is the  "alarm reaction" where we prepare for "fight or flight." Second is resistance,  where the resistance of stress is built. After a long duration of stress, the  body enters the third stage- exhaustion. This last stage is most hazardous to  your health and has the long-term effects.
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer: 

  Developed the two-factor theory of emotion which simply states that  emotions are comprised of physical arousal and a cognitive label. They also  said that emotional experience requires conscious interpretation of the  arousal. To test this they experimented this with college students by  injecting them with epinephrine before placing them in a room with  somebody in either a euphoric or irritated state.