Sci

• summit


  the highest point or the apex of the volcano
• conduit


  it is an underground central tube like or pipe like structure of a volcano that connects the magma chamber to the crater through which the magma travels
• crater 


  the mouth of the volcano which is a funnel-shaped or bowl- shaped hollow at the top of the vent from where magma, ash and gas comes out.
• base


  is lower outer part of the volcano
• slopes 


  are the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate from the main or central vent
• Magma chamber


  is a region beneath the vent of a volcano where molten rock or magma is deposited or stored before eruption.
• side vent


  is a smaller outlet through which magma escapes.
• main vent 


  is the main opening or outlet on the surface of a volcano that emits lava, gases, ash or other volcanic materials.
• ash and gas cloud 


  is a of mixtures of rock, minerals, glass particles and gases expelled or pushed out of the volcano during volcanic eruption.
• lava


  is a molten rock which is given off onto the surface of the Earth when a volcano erupts.
• shield volcano


  are large, broad volcanoes that look similar to shields from above – hence the name. These volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flow thus these volcanoes are not steep. They can be easily identified because they are tall and broad, with flat, rounded shapes.
• Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes 


  are large, typically steep- sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension formed from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and pyroclastic materials
• Cinder Cone volcano 


  are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of solidified lava ejected from a single vent. Lava is thrown into the air, which breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
• Inactive volcanoes

  are those that have not erupted for the last 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable time scale of the future. There are no signs of volcanic activity for a long period of time because magma supply is cut off. Also the physical form of the volcano has signs of intensive weathering and erosion
• Active volcanoes 


  are those volcanoes that have had at least one eruption during the past 10,000 years. They are those that erupted recently and still showing regular activity like emission of gases, lava and ash flows.
• Potentially active volcanoes


  are those that have no records of volcanic activity but are morphologically young-looking.
• Phreatomagmatic

  is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a result, a large column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastic materials called base surges are observed.
• Strombolian


  a periodic, weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava, just like the Irazu in Costa Rica
• Plinian


  is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials, like in Pinatubo Volcano in Zambales
• Vulcanian


  is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico.
• Shield volcanoes are large, broad volcanoes that look similar to shields from above – hence the name. These volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flow thus these volcanoes are not steep. They can be easily identified because they are tall and broad, with flat, rounded shapes.
• Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes are large, typically steep- sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension formed from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and pyroclastic materials.
• Cinder cone volcanoes are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of solidified lava ejected from a single vent. Lava is thrown into the air, which breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
• Because of the extreme heat found deep below the Earth, some materials slowly melt and transform into lava, a thick liquid. Because magma is lighter than the surrounding solid rock, it rises to the surface and gathers in magma chambers. Some of the magma eventually finds its way to the Earth's surface through vents and fractures.
• volcanic eruption include infectious disease, respiratory illness, burns, injuries from falls, and vehicle accidents related to the slippery, hazy conditions caused by ash or thy can get the disease called pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis a lung disease caused by inhalation of very fine silica dust usually found in volcanos
• Geothermal Energy 


  can found in Geysers, Hot Springs, reservoirs Geothermal Law of concervation of energy Energy is neither created nor destroyed it is only transformed "
• dry steam powerplants


  Hot steam from mederground is piped directly into turbines. which powers the generator:
• dry steam powerplants


  use hydrothermal fluids that are primarily steam. The steam travels directly to a turbine, which drives a generator that produces electricity. The steam climinates the need to burn fossil fuels to ron the turbine toats o eliminating the insediorfo transport and store fuels).
• Flash Steam powerplants 


  It is a the most common type of grothermal power generation plants in operation today.

  Hot water from underground is pumped into a cooler temperature flash tronk. The sudden change in temperature. creates steam which powers the generator.
• binary cycle powerplants 


  Hot water from underground is pumped trough a heat ex-changer which heats a stond liquid that transforms intu steam.
• What does global warming have to do with a greenhouse?

  Because greenhouse gases and global warming are interconnected becalis they both involve the the trapping of heat. In a greenhouse, sunlight enters through the walls and is absorbed by plants, releasing heat. Some of this heat remains inside, increasing the temperature. Global warming refers to the Earth's temperature rising due to greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide trapping. ig heat in the atmosphere. This term" greenhouse effect" is used to is why the explain global warming.
• why the greenhouse effect has increased over the years.

  Human activity, such as deforestation, industrial processec, and burning fossil fuels, is releasing more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This is causing the greenhouse effect to become stronger over time, as these gases trap heat from the sun. As a result, global temperatures are rising due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases
• Climate Change


  is a long-term change in the average weather patterns. It is incorporated with the two phenomena, the global warming and large-scale change in weather pattern. Change in Earth's climate since the start of the twentieth century are mainly caused by human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation,agricultural and industrial activities, deforestation and other.
• Global Warming


  is caused by several factors such as man-made, anthropogenic, or natural. One example of natural causes is the released of methane gas from artic tundra and wetlands. Burning fossil fuels is one of the man- made causes of global warming resulting to pollution.
• Greenhouse effect


  is the natural warming process of the earth that recults when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the eart that would otherwise escape into space, Sunlight makes the carth habitable.. -The different greenhouse gaser are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCS) sulfur hexafluoride, and water vapor. These goses can be naturally occurring, or man-made. The effect of each greenbouse gas on earth's climate depends on it's chemical nature and its relative concentration in the atmosphere
• La Niña


  It may last for nine to twelve months but in some cases it lasts for two years. this crent is trigirred by the cooling of the eastern part of the pacific ocean. Trade winds that move from east to west are strengthened.
• EL Niño


  This natural phenomenon occurs at irregular intervals of two to seven years and lasts for nine months or two years at most. as trade wind moves from east to west, it collects warm air But whon winds is weakened, it causes the piling up of warm surface water and making the part of the Pacific ocean warmer leading to El niño pherin menom.
• Topography


  earth's surface is one of the factors that affects weather system and climate.
• Ocean currents


  are the continuous and directional movement of ocean created by the wind friction, water density, earth’s rotation, solar energy, and gravity variation in different parts of the ocean.
• Prevailing winds.


  are wind directions over a particular location on Earth due to uneven heating from the sun and the rotation of earth on its axis.