GE 7

• Science


  1. Ideas, theories, systematic explanations and observations

  2. Systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world

  3. Subject or a discipline, a field of study that deals with the process of learning

  4. Both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop a better understanding of the world
• Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in order to know and understand everything around them
• They have developed noble ideas to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena
• Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology

  • Ancient times
  • Medieval/Middle Ages
  • Modern Times
  • Philippine Inventions
• Sumerian civilization


  • High degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things
• Babylonian contributions


  • Astrology and Horoscopy
  • Art and Architecture (Etemenanki, Hanging Gardens of Babylon)
• Greek contributions


  • Alarm Clock
  • Watermill
• Greek scientists and philosophers

  • Pythagoras
  • Archimedes
  • Hippocrates
  • Aristotle
  • Thales
  • Eratosthenes
  • Ptolemy
  • Posidonius
  • Theophrastus
  • Aristarchus
  • Hipparchus
  • Galen
  • Anaxagoras
  • Eudoxus
  • Plato
• Middle Ages


  • Massive invasions and migrations, Wars were common, Technological advances required in armament, navigation, mass food and agricultural production, and health care, Creative ideas emerged to manage the expansion of international trade and business
• Inventions during the Middle Ages

  • Printing Press
  • Microscope
  • Telescope
  • War Weapons
• Inventions during Modern Times

  • Pasteurization
  • Petroleum Refinery
  • Telephone
  • Calculator
• Geocentrism


  The belief that the Earth is the center of the Universe
• Heliocentrism


  The sun is the center of the Solar System
• Nicolaus Copernicus disputed the Ptolemaic model and proposed the heliocentric theory
• Copernicus was punished as a heretic since his theories contradicted religious doctrine
• Copernican revolution led to the start of the scientific revolution, which resulted in a shift in society's attitudes and ideas
• Charles Darwin's book The Origin of Species was published in 1589 and is regarded as one of the most important works in the field of science
• Darwinian revolution


  Darwin's work provided evidence of how species evolved over time, as well as features and adaptations that distinguish species. It popularized the concept of all organic life, including humans, falling under the evolutionary umbrella, displacing the popular belief in a religious or biblical design that places humans in a special position as God's creations.
• Freudian revolution


  Sigmund Freud contributed to raising the civilized world's awareness of psychological matters through his psychoanalytic method and theory of personality being the result of three opposing forces: the id, ego, and superego.
• Evolutionary umbrella


  Concept that all organic life, including humans, falls under the evolutionary framework
• Evolutionary umbrella concept


  Displaces the popular belief in a religious or biblical design that places humans in a special position as God's creations
• Sigmund Freud


  A well-known figure, a towering literary figure and a gifted communicator who contributed to raising the civilized world's awareness of psychological matters
• Psychoanalytic method


  A scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness
• Psychoanalysis


  A branch of psychology that aims to understand human behavior
• Personality


  The result of three opposing forces: the id, ego, and superego
• Id

  A biological component that causes a variety of desires and urges, based on the pleasure principle and focuses on the fulfillment of basic necessities such as food and sex
• Ego


  Serves as a bridge between the individual's wants and the real world, attempting to reduce tension until a suitable setting is found, the determining factor in one's personality
• Superego


  The moral arm of personality, the "conscience" of personality, representing the traditional rules, values, and ideas of the society
• Information/Digital Revolution


  A paradigm transition from the mechanical to the digital age that affects many facets of life with the primary goal of increasing efficiency
• Shifts or changes due to the Information/Digital Revolution


  • Economy
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Politics
• Economic Shift


  Creative destruction and the bloom of knowledge industries
• Employment Shift


  The manual labor force is dwindling as jobs increasingly demand knowledge and creativity as a result of advances in digital technology
• Education Shift


  Altering teaching methods, tactics, and content to focus more on critical reasoning abilities so that graduates can better synthesize large amounts of data and become more competitive in the information field
• Politics Shift


  Transformation in the manner in which governments interact and provide services to the citizens, manage government supply chains, conduct internal government processes and control the content and flow of information in society
• Mesoamerica


  Encompasses all of Central America, from southern Mexico to the South American border
• Mayan Civilization


  • Well-known civilization that existed for about 2,000 years
  • Contributions to astronomy, with sophisticated knowledge of celestial bodies and ability to forecast eclipses and plant/harvest using astrological cycles
  • Two complex calendar systems
  • Perfected the art of raising various crops and constructing magnificent cities with simple machines and equipment
  • Constructed a hydraulics system with complex waterways to supply water to several towns
  • Used a variety of tools and adapted to new developments, particularly in the arts
  • Among the first to manufacture rubber products
  • One of Mesoamerica's most scientifically advanced societies, with the Mayan hieroglyphics as a writing system
  • Mathematicians who devised a numbering system based on the number 20, and invented the concepts of zero and positional value independently of the Romans
• Inca Civilization


  • Stone-paved roads
  • Stone structures that have withstood earthquakes and other disasters
  • Irrigation system and technology for storing water for their crops to flourish on all sorts of terrain
  • 12-month calendar to commemorate religious festivals and prepare for planting season
  • First suspension bridge
  • Quipu, a system of knotted ropes used to store records that only professionals can decipher
  • Inca textiles, as cloth, were a cherished aesthetic achievement
• Aztec Civilization


  • Education is required, with all children attending school regardless of social class, gender, or age
  • Invented chocolate, which was used as currency in Mayan society
  • Employed an antispasmodic drug that could benefit during surgery by preventing muscular spasms and relaxing muscles
  • Chinampa, an agricultural farming technique with rectangular portions of land encircled by canals
  • Aztec Calendar, which helped organize their activities, ceremonies, and planting season
  • Invented the canoe, a small, narrow boat used to sail over waterways
• Development of Science in Asia

  • India is well-known for its iron production and metallurgical works, traditional medicine (Ayurveda), astronomy, and mathematics
  • China is known for traditional Chinese remedies, a wide range of technological inventions (compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing equipment), and significant contributions to astronomy and seismology
• Development of Science in the Middle East

  • During the Golden Age of Islam, Muslim scholars made significant contributions, including Ibn al-Haytham's empirical demonstration of the light intromission theory (Father of Optics), al-Khwarizmi's development of the concept of algorithm and algebra, Jabir ibn Hayyan's pioneering work in chemistry (Father of Chemistry), and Ibn Sina's advancements in experimental medicine and clinical pharmacology