Lymphatic System

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of helper T cells.
• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) - in which there is a marked deficit of both B and T cells. Because T cells are absolutely required for normal operation of both arms of the adaptive response
• Glomerulonephritis - a severe impairment of kidney function due to acute inflammation.
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)- a systemic disease that occurs mainly in young women and particularly affects the kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin.
• Type 1 Diabetes mellitus- which destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in deficient production of the insulin.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)- which destroys the white matter (myelin sheaths) of the brain and spinal cord.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)- which systematically destroys joints.
• Anaphylactic Shock - occurs when the allergen directly enters the blood and circulates rapidly through the body.
• Delayed Hypersensitivities - mediated mainly by a special subgroup of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages, take much longer to appear (1 to 3 days).
• Allergies - are abnormally vigorous immune responses in which the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived “threat” that would otherwise be harmless to the body.
• Autografts - are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person.
• Isografts - are tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person, the only example being an identical twin.
• Allografts - are tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin.
• Xenografts - are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species, such as a porcine (pig) heart valve transplanted into a human.
• Cellular immunity - lymphocytes themselves defend the body.
• Antigen Presenting Cells - must be “spoon-fed” the antigens by APCs, and something like a “double handshake” must occur.
• Cytotoxic T cells - specialize in killing virus infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly.
• Helper T cells - are the T cells that act as the “directors” or “managers” of the adaptive immune response.
• Regulator T cells - release chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells.
• Memory Cells - provide the immunological memory for each antigen encountered and enable the body to respond quickly to subsequent invasions.
• Neutralization - occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury.
• Agglutination- the process causes clumping of the foreign cells.
• Precipitation - cross-linking process involves soluble antigenic molecules, the resulting antigen-antibody complexes are so large that they become insoluble and settle out of solution.
• Antibodies - constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins. Antibodies are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen, and they are capable of binding specifically with that antigen.
• Humoral immunity - is provided by antibodies (immune proteins) present in the body’s “humors,” or fluids.
• Phagocyte - macrophage or neutrophil, engulfs a foreign particle by the process of phagocytosis.
• Natural killer (NK) cells - roam the body in blood and lymph. They are a unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus-infected body cells, and some other nonspecific targets.
• Inflammatory response - is a nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured.
• Cardinal signs of Acute Inflammation: • Rubor (redness) • Calor (increased heat) • Tumor (swelling) •Dolor (pain) • Functio laesa (loss of function)
• ADAPTIVE DEFENSE MECHANISM

  • fights invaders that get past the innate defenses by mounting an attack against one or more particular foreign substances. •By releasing mobilizing chemicals and protective antibody molecules.
• INNATE DEFENSE MECHANISM

  • responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances, whatever they are. •These innate mechanisms reduce the workload of the adaptive defense mechanisms by generally preventing the entry and spread of microorganisms throughout the body
• Tonsils - are small masses of lymphatic tissue that ring the pharynx (throat), where they are found in the mucosa.