MICROPARA

• Microbiology


  Study of organisms or agents too small to be seen with unaided eyes

  
• Organisms sized less than 1mm in diameter were unable to be seen by the unaided eyes
• Diverse group of microorganisms

  • Algae
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
• Not all microorganisms harm us
• Microorganisms are involved in production of 50% of carbon and 90% of nitrogen
• Roles of microorganisms


  • Biodegradation
  • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion
  • Production of vitamin B12
• Most microorganisms are harmless
• 99% of microorganisms are good, e.g. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
• 10% of microorganisms are bad, e.g. pathogens
• Taxonomy


  Science that deals with the logical arrangements of living things in categories
• Aristotle was the first to categorize organisms as either plants or animals
• In 1735, Carolus Linnaeus gave names to thousands of plants and animals and categorized them into kingdom Plantae and Animalia
• DKPCOFGS


  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Eras of microbiology history

  • Discovery Era
  • Transition Era
  • Golden Era
  • Modern Era
• Aristotle and others believed that living organisms could develop from non-living materials (spontaneous generation)
• In the 13th century, Rogen Bacon suggested disease was caused by a minute "seed" or "germ"
• In 1549, Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that invisible organisms can cause disease
• From 1590-1608, Zacharias Janssen developed the first useful compound microscope
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek


  Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology, described protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeast, and algae, observed and described microorganisms as "Animalcules" (little animals; moving), inventor of the word 'microbe'
• Francesco Redi showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat when it is covered, published work on Spontaneous Generation, considered the "Founder of Experimental Biology" and "Father of Modern Parasitology"
• In 1665, with the help of a crude microscope, Robert Hooke stated a life's smallest structural units were "cells"
• John Needham was a supporter of the spontaneous generation theory, proposed that tiny organisms (animalcules) arose spontaneously on mutton gravy
• Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium and that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life
• Louis Pasteur


  Father of Medical Microbiology, demonstrated that no growth took place in swan neck shaped tubes because dust and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved necks, developed the process of pasteurization
• John Tyndall discovered there were two different types of bacteria: heat liable/heat sensitive and heat resistant organisms known as endospores, and that prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores
• Lord Joseph Lister


  Father of Antiseptic Surgery, concluded that wound infections were due to microorganisms and devised a method to destroy microorganisms in the operation theatre by spraying a fine mist of carbolic acid into the air
• In 1838-1839, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jacob Schleiden proposed the cell theory
• Robert Koch


  Jewish-German physician and microbiologist, demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease, discovered the causative agents for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis, perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture
• Fanne Eilshemius Hesse first proposed the use of agar in culture media as it was not attacked by most bacteria and had a higher melting point and solidifying points compared to gelatin
• Rudolf Carl Virchow


  Father of Modern Pathology and founder of social medicine, added a statement to cell theory that "All cells arise from a pre-existing cells" by binary fission, emphasized the cellular abnormalization in disease leading to proper diagnosis
• Theodor Albrecht Edwin Klebs and Friedrich August Johannes Loeffler discovered the bacterium that causes diphtheria, called the Klebs-Loeffler bacterium now known as Corynebacterium diphtheria
• Julius Richard Petri developed the Petri dish, a container used for solid culture media
• Edward Jenner


  English physician and scientist, discovered the technique of vaccination and was the first to prevent smallpox
• Alexander Fleming


  Scottish physician and microbiologist, discovered the penicillium notatum that destroys several pathogenic bacteria and published its effects on the gram-positive microorganisms
• Paul Ehrlich


  Discovered the treatment of syphilis using arsenic, studied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative terms and laid foundations of biological standardization
• Important microbiology discoveries


  • Hansen (1874) - Leprosy bacillus
  • Neisser (1879) - Gonococcus
  • Ogston (1881) - Staphylococcus
  • Loeffler (1884) - Diphtheria bacillus
  • Roux and Yersin - Diphtheria toxin
  • Beijerinck (1898) - coined the term virus for filterable infectious agents
  • Pasteur - developed rabies vaccine
  • Goodpasture - cultivation of viruses on chick embryos
  • Charles Chamberland - constructed a porcelain bacterial filter
  • Twort and d'Herelle - bacteriophages
  • Edward Jenner - vaccination for smallpox
• All organisms (living things) are made of cells, most are multicellular but some are unicellular
• Prokaryotic cells


  Unicellular microorganisms that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, very simple and small, e.g. bacteria and archaea
• Eukaryotic cells


  Unicellular or multicellular organisms that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, larger and more complex, e.g. animals, plants, fungi, and protists
• Bacterial cell shapes

  • Coccus (spherical)
  • Bacillus (rod-shaped)
  • Spiral (spirillum and spirochete)