Geography lecture 12

• A little Fleet of ships from England landed at Sydney Cove Australia with 778 convicts and 300 Marines and civil servants bringing a severe regulation system


  January 1788
• They were later followed by free migrants who took control of the entire continent
• Indigenous population of continent 750,000 much larger than in Canada
• Self-governing colonies looked more to London than each other. Railways linked the capital cities and natural resources to Ports
• Australia created as Federation of states


  1901
• Canberra chosen as a neutral capital
• The British crown claimed all land in Australia without recognition of Prior ownership. no treaties were signed. no payments made
• Transferred to the federal government of Australia with Independence in 1901
• Treatment of Aborigines


  • They lost land which meant loss of economic base but also cultural and spiritual cosmology that was based on place
  • Aborigines were forced onto reserves, could not vote and were not even counted in the census
• The indigenous population were viewed as a remnant of a stone age culture quickly passing into Oblivion. no official place in the new democracy
• Until late 1940s only white anglo-celts were allowed to immigrate
• Labor shortages in 1950s led to arrival of new immigrants from Mediterranean and Eastern Europe
• Aborigines did not obtain Australian citizenship until 1967
• Aboriginal land Rights Act recognized land claims of communities


  1976
• The Anangu given land around Ayers Rock
• Leased back to government as a national park

  1985
• Three Islanders from Torres Strait challenge the crown's right to claim the land. 10 years later High Court ruled that native title to land did exist


  1982
• To gain Land, Community had to prove

  • Spiritual responsibility and cultural attachment to land
  • Paintings songs and myths used as evidence in claims
• Had to be public land not leased
• Much of the Interior is leased by farmers and minors under an 1830 agreement that prevented ownership
• High Court ruling allowed for leased land to have a native title. led to loss of election by the party in power. new government tried to make it " as long as it is not inconsistent with the rights of the other" which just got everyone mad


  1996
• Native title Act created a 4 billion dollar fund to allow land acquisition


  1993
• By 1998 39 culturally significant properties had been obtained including the mogila station — a 63,000 acre Merino sheep Farm
• Council to work towards Aboriginal reconciliation


  1990s
• Inquiry into the treatment of Aboriginal children separated from their families— report 1997


  1995
• 10% of Aborigines over age 25 had been removed from their families although in some districts it was high as 50%
• • Not necessarily badly treated (physically) three times as likely to go to prison
  • Twice as likely to take banned substances
• National sorry day 300 events across the country— became an annual event


  26 May 1998
• In 1973 Britain joined the EU and dropped trade preferences with Australia. rise of a republican movement. Japan becomes main trade partner
• 1990s an increase in Asian immigrants
• June 1998 the one nation party (opposed to money for Aborigines and to Asian immigration) won 23% of vote in Queensland election and 11 of 89 seats
• Two Aboriginal youth Geraldton High School leaders for 2016
• Traditional building in Sepik River, Papua New Guinea

  • Constructed with no Nails all pieces are lashed together
  • Paintings sheets of bark. eldest person draws the figures, younger men paint them in, boys are watching
  • Painted bark sheets form interior (left) and exterior (right)
• Activities in Sepik River, Papua New Guinea

  • Fishing in dugout canoe
  • Create dugout canoes