Module 3

• Tillage


  Manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
• Agricultural Mechanization


  Development, manufacture and extension of appropriate agricultural tools, implements, and machinery using animal, human, mechanical, electrical, and other renewable sources of energy for agricultural production and development and postharvest operations
• Primary Objectives of Tillage

  • Elimination and permanent control of the original vegetation (weeds)
  • Creation of conditions favoring the germination and emergence and growth of the cultivated plants
  • Conservation and improvements of the soil as the growth medium cultivated crops
• Basic Operations of Tillage

  • Reduction of volume (compaction) of the soil
  • Cutting of soil
  • Shear plane formation (crumbling, pulverization) in the soil
  • Transport or movement of soil from one place to another place
  • Deformation of soil mass
• Land


  The ground or earth that has not yet been plowed
• Landside


  Part of the plow that rubs or rolls against the land furrow wall
• Furrow


  The space left in the land when the furrow slice is inverted or turned on its side
• Dead Furrow


  The double furrow that comes together when finishing working a piece of land
• Backfurrow


  The high piece of turned earth covering some unplowed land when striking out a new land for plowing
• Furrow Crown


  A peak of the turned furrow slice
• Furrow Depth


  The ditch depth, path depth, trench depth or depth of depression below a specified soil surface
• Furrow Slice


  Soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
• Headland


  Unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip
• Ridge Height


  Bed height, hill height, windrow height, or height of the soil above a specified soil surface
• Root Bed


  Soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
• Root Zone


  Part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of the plants
• Seedbed


  Soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds
• CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE OPERATION: Primary Tillage


  An operation that constitutes the initial major soil working operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant residues, and rearrange aggregates
• Moldboard Plow


  Sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials

  
• Types of Moldboard Plow

  • General-purpose moldboard
  • Slatted moldboard
  • Sod moldboard
  • Stubble moldboard

  
• Left-hand Plow


  Throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow's direction
• Right-hand Plow


  Throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow's direction
• Two-way Plow


  Reversible plow that throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plow's direction
• Plow Bottom


  Plow body, working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and landside, all attached to the frog
• Share


  Part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally
• Shin


  Leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside
• Standard


  The beam, leg or upright support which connects the plow bottom to tillage implement frame

  
• Suction (horizontal)


  Horizontal clearance, distance by which the point of the share is bent out of line with the landside to cut the proper furrow width
• Suction (vertical)


  Vertical clearance, distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper depth
• Tailpiece


  Optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion of the furrow slice
• Trash board


  Optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the furrow in the furrow bottom
• Classification of Moldboard Plow

  • Animal-drawn Moldboard Plow
  • Tractor-drawn Moldboard Plow (Two-wheel Tractor, Four-wheel Tractor - Tractor-mounted, Trailing, Integral)

  
• Disk Plow


  Implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely invert soil slices to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
• Concave Disc


  Circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil
• Concavity


  Vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface

  
• Classification of Disc Plow

  • One-way Disc Plow
  • Reversible Disc Plow (Tractor-mounted, Semi-mounted)

  
• Rotary Plow


  Has tines attached to a power shaft that rotates at about 300 rpm, digging into the soil, loosening it and incorporating plant residues

  
• Chisel Plow


  Stirs the soil without turning it over, with narrow "teeth" penetrating the soil and pulled through it, leaving surface residues uncovered
• Subsoiler


  Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers, equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or staggered
• Gauge Wheel


  Auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain uniform operating depth and for adjusting depth of cut