2.2.1

• • Lengthened - products are shipped greater distances than in the past; migrants and tourists travel longer distances from home
  • Deepened more aspects of everyday life have become globally connected; think about all the food you eat each day and the many places it is sourced from via container shipping or air freight. It is difficult not to be connected to other people and places through the products we consume
  • Sped up - international migrants can travel quickly between continents using jet aircraft; they can talk with their families at home and in real time, using technologies such as Skype
• Global networks: 

  how different places are linked together by connections or flows, such as trade. 

  • Network mapping focuses on the level of connectivity for different places, or nodes, positioned on the network map. 
  • In network maps international borders are no longer present. 
  • Physical separation poses no obstacle to information flows between places in the internet age. 

  The result is a borderless world of nodes and hubs, all connected by multi-coloured flow lines.
• 1. Economic movers are people who have moved voluntarily for reasons of work and the improved quality of life that higher earnings may bring. 

  The overwhelming majority of movers, both at international and internal scales, are economic.
• 1. Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their homes and travel to another country. 

  89.3 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced at the end of 2021 

  What is the difference between an asylum seeker and a refugee?
• An asylum seeker is a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country, but who hasn't yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim. 
• global migration patterns

  • In the 1970s, 80s, and 90s international migration was directed towards developed world destinations such as New York and Paris. 

  The result was a core-periphery system: the developed economic core benefitted from a brain drain of skilled workers from ‘the global south’ (including Indian doctors moving to join the UK’s NHS).
• Summary

  • Globalisation is a complex set of processes that includes international migration along with global trade, data and money movements
  • Globalisation has accelerated over time. However, some (but not all) global flows have slowed recently
  • Voluntary and forced international migration flows have grown in volume over time. Important global patterns can be identified that connect core and peripheral regions of the global economy

  New technologies play a crucial role in enabling migration. However, not all people have access because of political factors and poverty
• • Remittance flows (positive) 

  Money send back to the source country, $466 billion to low/middle income countries in 2017
• • Backwash flows in the global south (negative)

  Households deplete their savings, sell assets and borrow money to finance the migration of family members. This process can reduce economic well being and create a damaging dependency on migration.
• Over million Indian migrants live in the UAE, making up 30% of the total population. Many live in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. 

  An estimated US$415 billion is returned to India annually as remittances. Most migrants work in transport, construction and manufacturing industries. 

  Around one fifth are professionals working in service industries.
• World cities in developing world countries such as Mumbai (India), Lagos (Nigeria), Dubai (UAE) and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) have also begun to function as major global magnets for immigration.
• Over 80% of the population in the United Arab Emirates is foreign-born. Migrants tend to head to global cities. Dubai and Brussels have the highest number of foreign-born population at 83% and 62% respectively.” (World Economic Forum)