UCSP FINALS

• Enculturation


  The process or procedure by which individuals obtain the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to become a member of society
• Socialization


  A continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his and her social position
• Ascribed status


  A social status that you didn't choose and is usually given to you from birth
• Ascribed status


  • Becoming a monarch by birth
  • Assigned sex at birth
  • Nationality
  • Race and Ethnicity
• Achieved status


  A status someone has earned or chosen rather than one they have been born with
• Achieved status


  • Earning a University Degree
  • A status as a career professional
  • Personal Reputation
  • Spouse
• Conformity


  The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms or standards
• Deviance

  Departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior
• Labeling Theory

  How members of society label others, whether they are deviant or not
• Gossip


  Often practiced in small-scale communities where people know each other personally
• Laws


  Meant to guide the daily lives of members of society by providing clear definitions of relationships among individuals, including expectations on how people should behave in particular contexts
• Strain Theory


  One of the most well-known explanations about deviant behavior
• Strain Theory


  • Poverty Breeds Crimes
• Conformity (Hopeful Poor)


  Individuals still accept cultural goals and try to achieve them through culturally approved methods
• Innovation (Surviving Poor)


  Individuals still accept cultural goals but go about in achieving it in a culturally disapproved way
• Ritualism (Passive Poor)


  Individuals still live in society and follow its culturally approved ways, but they no longer try to achieve cultural goals
• Retreat (Retreating Poor)


  Individuals no longer desire to cultural goals and have abandoned the culturally approved ways of achieving those goals
• Rebellion (Resisting poor)


  Individuals challenge the existing culturally accepted goals by coming up with new ones and also challenge the prescribed mean in achieving cultural goals
• Society


  Organized into groups by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions
• Group


  A unit of people who interact with some regularity and identify themselves as a unit
• Types of groups according to influence

  • Primary groups
  • Secondary groups
• Primary groups


  Small but intimate, members have direct access and interaction with each other
• Secondary groups

  Formed to perform a specific purpose, members interact with each other to accomplish the goals of the group, often formal and impersonal
• Types of groups according to membership

  • In-groups
  • Out-groups
• In-groups


  Provide members a sense of belongingness and loyalty
• Out-groups


  Groups that an individual is not a member, elicit a sense of antagonism from a person
• Reference group


  Provide a person with a set of standards to check against and to know if one is doing well or where he or she needs improvement