intro

• Characteristics of live


  -Chemical uniqueness

  Hierarchical organization

  -Metabolism

  -Life cycle

  -Auto replication

  -Genetic program

  -Getting nutrition
• Biomolecules


  Molecules that are only associated with living beings
• Origin of living things

  Every living being comes from a pre-existing being(no spontaneous surge of life)
• Cells come from cells


  Omnis cellula ex cellula
• Metabolism


  The way all organisms take energy from matter.

  Basic metabolic paths are common to all living forms
• Life cycle


  Set of steps organisms go through from the moment they are born until they die
• Jonh Haldane & Alexander Oparin

  1920: life emerged after a long period of abiogenic molecular evolution
• Oparin & Haldane's theory

  -Extremely reductive atmosphere

  -Almost no molecular oxygen (no oxidation of molecular compounds)

  -Violent shocks of energy can rearrange molecules

  -organic compounds gathered in ancient oceans (hot diluted soup)

  -compounds eventually surrounded by lipid membranes

  - The first cell originates
• Miller & Urey experiment


  -The system was created

  - an experiment to recreate lightning

  - gave clues about the formation of first life forms
• Autotrophism


  Organisms that acquired the ability to transform substances and energy into nutrients
• Principles of genetics


  Law of segregation

  Law of independent assortment

  Law of Dominance
• Law of segregation


  During gamete formation, alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only 1 allele for each gene

  
• Law of independent assortment


  Genes for different traits segregate independently during the formation of gametes

  
• Law of dominance


  Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive and a organism with at least 1 dominant allele will display the effect of the dominant allele

  
• Principle of geology (C. Lyell)

  -Earth is older than 6 thousand years.

  -Uniformitarianism: natural processes have always been the same
• Natural selection


  - Organisms produce an excess of offspring knowing most will die

  -Intrinsic variability and stochastic mutation creates variation in traits on offsprings

  -Competition
• Organism


  -Are physically continuous and bonded living things at least during their existence

  -Belong to a reproductive lineage

  -have minimal functional autonomy