GEN BIO FINALS

• Inputs of Photosynthesis: Water, Light, and Carbon Dioxide
• Outputs of Photosynthesis: Oxygen and Glucose
• Using energy from sunlight, glucose, and oxygen are produced from carbon dioxide and water.
• Photosynthesis Balance: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Glucose moves to the cytoplasm and oxygen moves to the mitochondria
• In the cytoplasm, the glucose splits into two pyruvate molecules. A small amount of energy is produced.
• The pyruvate molecules move into the mitochondria.
• In a series of steps, pyruvate is broken down and energy is produced. Carbon dioxide and water is released.
• The sun releases high-energy particles of light called protons that travel to the earth.
• Protons are a type of light energy
• On earth, plants and algae can convert light energy (from protons) into chemical energy (to sugars).
• Using light energy to make food is called photosynthesis.
• CO2 enters through the pores, called stomata, in a plant’s leaves. While the water is taken up from the soil by the roots.
• The oxygen made by photosynthesis is used by animals to live. Plants also need oxygen when there is no sunlight. 
• Inside chloroplasts, there are structures called grana.
• • Grana are stacks of disc-shaped structures called thylakoids.
• The inside of a thylakoid is called the lumen.
• Outside a thylakoid, the chloroplast is filled with a fluid called stroma.
• Light energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy. This happens at the thylakoid membrane and needs water.
• Light energy is used to make two molecules: ATP and NADPH. Because these processes need light, they are called the light-dependent reactions.
• ATP, NADPH, and CO2 are used to make sugars in a process called Calvin Cycle.
• Because the calvin cycle does not use light, it is called light-independent reactions.
• The calvin cycle is called light-independent but it can only work when there is light. This is because the calvin cycle needs ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions. If there is no light, then no ATP and NADPH can be made.
• Plants use chemicals called pigments to capture light energy.
• A pigment is a chemical that absorbs light.
• Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, and these wavelengths correspond to certain colors.
• In most plants, chlorophyll is the most common pigment.
• Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue lights but reflects green light.
• Plants appear green because our eyes see the green light that chlorophyll reflects. There are also smaller amounts of other pigments, such as carotenoids, that appear yellow, orange, or red.
• Chlorophyll is part of two “systems” that plants and algae use to convert light energy into chemical energy. Because they need light, they are called photosystems.
• • 3PG is an intermediate molecule, which requires modification before it becomes G3P, which is the main product of the calvin cycle.
• When one more phosphate is added to ADP, ATP is created. 
• ATP is a molecule that cells use as a source of energy.
• Cells use ATP as a source of energy. It can be made by adding a phosphate to ADP.
• When ATP is used, the third phosphate is removed and it becomes ADP again.
• ATP synthase: An enzyme which binds a third phosphate to ADP, creating ATP.
• The ATP synthase needs a lot of energy in order to create ATP, and it gets this energy from the proton gradient (hydro ion gradient).
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION Input: Oxygen and Glucose
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION Output: Carbon Dioxide and Water
• CellularRespiration Balance: C6H12O6 + 6O2  ->  6CO2 + 6H20