Paper 1- Burke

• Hermes


  God of travellers, trade and associated with the underworld
• Hermes


  He is depicted with

  -Traveller's staff/ caduceus

  -Traveller's cloak

  -Traveller's hat

  -Winged sandals
• Hermes


  Travellers- travel was a long, dangerous process due to dangerous terrain/ seas

  Trade- cities relied on trading for survival

  Underworld- the need for a safe journey to the underworld was seen as important
• Mars


  ROMAN god of war
• Mars


  Depicted with

  -A helmet and a breastplate

  -Holding a spear/weapon and a shield

  -Father of Romulus and Remus
• Persephone and Demeter

  1. Demeter/ Ceres (Rome version) goddess of fertility, harvest and spring
  2. She was vital for the survival of the people
  3. The favour of Demeter/ Ceres can lead to a good harvest
• Persephone and Demeter

  1. Demeter was supposed to care for mothers and pregnant women and childbirth was dangerous but having children was important for the family line
• Persephone/ Proserpina


  Goddess of death

  Queen of the underworld
• Persephone/ Proserpina

  • The deceased would want her on there side when passing into the underworld
  • She couldn't save humans from death but could enable a good afterlife
• Heracles- Apples of Hesperides

  1. Heracles fought seven people to try to find the location of the apples
  2. Heracles helped Prometheus who told him where the apples were
  3. Heracles asked Atlas to retrieve the apples while he held up the sky with the help of Athena
  4. Heracles tricked Atlas into taking back the sky then ran away with the apples
• Why were this and the other metopes considered to be well-sculptured?


  -Characters were well-proportioned

  -Characters take up the whole metope

  -Sculptured with realism

  -Easily recognisable
• Pediment


  One triangular space so the stories would need to be put next to each other which could be confusing
• Hercules upbringing


  -Fathered by Zeus but his birth was delayed by Juno so she could disinherit his line

  -Surviving that Juno sent to snakes to kill him but he killed them

  -Juno always presented obstacles
• Hercules relationship with Latinium/ Italy


  Hercules never had direct power while alive but was promoted to divine status
• Hercules wives

  1. Murdered her with his children and then has to do the twelve labours as punishment
  2. Second killed him by error as a result of interference by Juno
• Roman version


  Hercules and Achelous conflict began over a princess called Deianira.

  -Both men refused to back down over who should wed the women

  -They decided whoever won a fight would marry her

  -They first outlined their suitability for the marriage and then fought

  -Achelous used his powers to turn into a snake when he started losing and Hercules still beat him
• Roman version- carried on


  -Hercules then went on to fight Nessus

  -Nessus was a centaur

  -Nessus offers to take Hercules and Deianira over the river with Deianira on his back but he runs off with her

  -Hercules added poison to his arrow and fired at Nessus

  -While dying, Nessus gives his cloak to Deianira however it is soaked in poisoned blood

  -Years later, Deinaira gives the cloak to Hercules hoping the magic would make him fall in love with her again
• Roman version- pt 2


  -Deianira had wrongly been told Hercules is in love with another and the cloak will revive their love

  -Hercules was given the cloak which poisoned him and he died
• Temples- the Temple of Potunus

  • In the Forum Boarium ( a cattle market) between the Palatine and Aventine hills
  • Next to the temple of Hercules
  • The alter stood outside like Greek temples at the foot of the steps
  • Example of traditional Roman temple with Greek and Estrucan culture
• Temple of Portunus- pt2


  -Built on a raised plinth

  -Had a single cella/naos and semi-engaged columns

  -Only be entered from the front

  Had a pediment, colonnade and a frieze
• Heracles labours

  1. Nemean lion
  2. Lernaean Hydra
  3. Golden Hind
  4. Erymanthian boar
  5. Augean stables
  6. Stymphalian birds
  7. Cretan bull
  8. Mares of Diomedes
  9. Belt of Hippolyte
  10. Cattle of Geryon
  11. Apples of Hesperides
  12. Cerberus
• Heracles labours in depth

  1. Cretan bull: Bull had been destroying Cretan homes so Heracles crept behind the wall and strangled it. He released his grip before it passed out then rode it across sea to Greece
• Heracles labours in depth

  1. The Lernaean Hydra: Hydra had many heads and venom for blood. When one head was removed two grew again. Hercules seeked help from his cousin, Iolaus. Heracles would remove his head and his cousin would seal it with a flaming torch. Used its poisons for arrows.
• The Pantheon


  -Found in Roman Campus Martius

  -Built in a circle to allow several statues of gods

  -Built on a small plinth with semi- engaged columns and a rotunda and an oculus

  Rotunda-thing at the back

  Oculus- thing at top
• Greek sacrifices


  -Soothsays= predicted the outcome of future events by looking at entrails of the sacrificed animals.
• Greek sacrifices


  -A sacrifice a planned ritual with several stages

  A blood sacrifice= done through killing the animal
• Greek sacrifices

  1. Choose the animal usually belonged to the person doing the sacrifice
  2. The preparation, everything had to be clean. The animal was prepared by gliding
  3. The kill, some of the animals hair is cut then its throat
  4. The sharing, feast on the animal
• EXAMPLES of the Roman sacrifices


  -In honour of the God Lupercus

  -But Romulus was raised by a she-wolf so it later became the festival to Romulus

  -Celebrated to represent fertility

  -Luperci= the priests of Lupercus

  -They gathered at the Lupercal (the cave where Romulus grew up) Where they split into two groups

  -A dog and a goat was sacrificed
• The race in Lupercalia festival


  The Luperci would run around the foot of Palatine hill in nude and whip people with the animal skin for fertility and safe childbirth
• Greek temples


  Temple of Zeus:

  -Eastern pediment showed the myth of Oinomaos and Pelops

  -Twelve labours of Hercules sculpted onto the six eastern/western metopes of the temple
• Roman sacrifices


  Pontifices= most important collage of priests

  -Headed by the Pontifex Maximus
• Roman sacrifices


  Augurs=read flight of birds and behaviour of animals

  Vestal virgins= six priestesses who represented the female priesthood

  Haruspex= read entrails of the sacrificial animals
• Roman sacrifices

  1. All participants must be clean
  2. Animals horns would be glided and tie ribbons to the tails/ horns
  3. Lead animal to altar
  4. Priest would veil its head
• Roman sacrifices

  1. Sprinkle mola salsa on animals head
  2. Say a prayer
  3. A popa struck the animal on its head to stun it then the cultranius would slit its throat
  4. They offered what they need to, to the gods then ate
• EXAMPLES Greek sacrifices- Panathenaia


  -Held in Athens

  -Celebrate Goddess Athena

  -Consisted of various competitions and a religious procession in the acropolis of Athena