organic final

• Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond (C≡C).
• Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond (C=C).
• The C=C bond is polarized towards the more electronegative atom.
• alcohols have OH group
• phenol is Oh group directly attached to a ring
• Identify and name the parent.

  Identify and name the substituents.

  Assign a locant to each substituent.

  Assemble the substituents alphabetically.
• When naming the parent of alcohol, replace the suffix “e” with “ol” to indicate the presence of a hydroxyl group:
• When choosing the parent of an alcohol, identify the longest chain that includes the carbon atom connected to the hydroxyl group.
• When numbering the parent chain of an alcohol, the hydroxyl group should receive the lowest number possible, despite the presence of alkyl substituents or π bonds.
• a chiral centre is a carbon atom that has a different number of bonded groups on each side
• carbon one is always the functional group
• When assigning common names, a propyl group is called an n-propyl group to differentiate it from an isopropyl group.
• The letter “n” stands for “normal” and indicates that the carbon atoms of the alkyl group are arranged in a linear chain (not branched) with the hydroxyl group connected to the end of the chain.
• methanol is obtained from wood
• industrial-grade ethanol is contaminated with small quantities of toxic compounds (such as methanol) that render the mixture unfit for human consumption. The resulting solution is called “denatured alcohol.”
• boiling point is a result of hydrogen bonds in the compound
• alcohol is hydrophilic and other is hydrophobic
• The conjugate base of an alcohol is called an alkoxide ion
• A negative charge on an oxygen atom is more stable than a negative charge on a carbon or nitrogen atom but less stable than a negative charge on a halogen, X
• Therefore, alcohols are more acidic than amines and alkanes but less acidic than hydrogen halides (Figure 12.3). The pKa for most alcohols falls in the range of 15–18.
• A strong base can be used to deprotonate the alcohol. A commonly used base is sodium hydride (NaH), because hydride (H−) deprotonates the alcohol to generate hydrogen gas, which bubbles out of solution:
• H3O+ can be prepared by diluting a strong acid, such as HCl or H2SO4,
• pulling eletrons away from the oxygen atom makes an alcohol more acidic
• Alcohols with electron-withdrawing groups attached to the carbonyl group will have lower pKas due to increased positive charge at C=O