Ch 22 Respiratory System (Full Audio Recordings)

• Respiratory system


  System of tubes that delivers air to the lungs
• Respiration


  1. Oxygen diffuses into the blood

  2. Carbon dioxide diffuses out
• All body processes directly or indirectly require ATP
• Most ATP synthesis requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide
• Need to breathe

  Take in oxygen, and eliminate carbon dioxide
• Cardiopulmonary system


  Respiratory and cardiovascular systems working together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide
• Disorders of lungs directly affect the heart and vice versa
• Respiratory system and the urinary system collaborate to regulate the body's acid-base balance
• Respiration


  Ventilation of the lungs (breathing)
• Functions of respiration


  • Gas exchange
  • Communication
  • Olfaction
  • Acid-Base balance
  • Blood pressure regulation
  • Blood and lymph flow
  • Blood filtration
  • Expulsion of abdominal contents

  
• Principal organs of the respiratory system

  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs

  
• Incoming air stops in the alveoli
• Alveoli


  Millions of thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases with the bloodstream
• Conducting zone of respiratory system


  Passages that serve only for airflow, no gas exchange
• Respiratory zone of the respiratory system

  Alveoli and other gas exchange regions

  
• Upper respiratory tract


  • Nose through larynx

  
• Lower respiratory tract

  • Trachea through lungs

  
• Nose

  • Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
  • Detects odors
  • Serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies voice
• Nasal fossae


  Right and left halves of nasal cavity

  
• Nasal septum


  Divides nasal cavity, composed of bone and hyaline cartilage

  
• Vestibule


  Beginning of nasal cavity, small, dilated chamber just inside nostrils
• Nasal conchae


  Three folds of tissue that project from lateral walls toward septum

  
• Meatus


  Narrow air passage beneath each concha
• Olfactory epithelium


  Detects odors, covers a small area of the roof of the nasal fossa

  
• Respiratory epithelium


  Lines rest of nasal cavity except vestibule, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

  
• Erectile tissue (swell body)

  Extensive venous plexus in epithelium of inferior concha that swells with blood to restrict airflow through that fossa

  
• Pharynx


  Muscular funnel extending about 5 in. from the choanae to the larynx

  
• Regions of the pharynx

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx

  
• Larynx


  Cartilaginous chamber about 4 cm (1.5 in.) long, primary function is to keep food and drink out of the airway
• Cartilages of the larynx

  • Epiglottic cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Arytenoid cartilages
  • Corniculate cartilages
  • Cuneiform cartilages
• Epiglottis


  Flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx

  
• Vestibular folds


  Play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway
• Vocal cords


  Produce sound when air passes between them, contain vocal ligaments
• Glottis


  The vocal cords and the opening between them

  
• Intrinsic muscles of the larynx


  Control the vocal cords
• Extrinsic muscles of the larynx

  Elevate the larynx during swallowing
• Trachea


  Rigid tube about 12 cm (4.5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter, supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
• Trachealis muscle


  Spans the opening in the tracheal cartilage rings, contracts or relaxes to adjust airflow
• Mucociliary escalator


  Mechanism for debris removal, mucus traps inhaled particles and cilia drive it toward the pharynx
• Carina


  Internal medial ridge in the lowermost tracheal cartilage that directs airflow to the right and left