Allery Acids and bases

• What is the significance of the hydronium ion in acid solutions?

  It makes the solution acidic
• What is the formula for the hydronium ion?

  H₃O⁺
• What do Bronsted-Lowry acids do?

  They donate protons
• What do Bronsted-Lowry bases do?

  They accept protons
• What is a characteristic of strong acids?

  They dissociate almost completely
• What is a characteristic of weak acids?

  They dissociate poorly
• What do strong bases do in solution?

  They produce a lot of OH^- ions
• What is the equilibrium position for weak acids?

  • The backward reaction is favored
  • Few H⁺ ions produced
• What is the equilibrium position for strong acids?

  • The forward reaction is favored
  • Many H⁺ ions produced
• What happens when acids and bases react according to Bronsted-Lowry theory?

  Protons are exchanged
• What is the ionic product of water denoted as?

  K_w
• What is the value of K_w at a given temperature?

  1 x 10^-14 mol² dm^-6
• What does pH measure?

  The concentration of H⁺ ions
• What is the formula to calculate pH?

  pH = -log₁₀[H⁺]
• If a solution has a pH of 0, how is it classified?

  Very acidic
• If a solution has a pH of 14, how is it classified?

  Very basic
• What is the relationship between pH and acidity?

  • Lower pH indicates higher acidity
  • Higher pH indicates lower acidity
• How do strong acids and weak acids differ in terms of dissociation?

  • Strong acids dissociate completely
  • Weak acids dissociate poorly
• How do strong bases and weak bases differ in terms of dissociation?

  • Strong bases dissociate completely
  • Weak bases dissociate poorly
• What is the significance of equilibrium in acid-base reactions?

  • Determines the concentration of products and reactants
  • Affects the strength of acids and bases
• What does pH measure in a solution?

  Concentration of H+ ions
• Why is the pH scale logarithmic?

  It converts small numbers into manageable values
• What is the pH of a neutral substance?

  7
• What does a pH of 0 indicate?

  Very acidic substance
• What is the equation to calculate pH?

  pH = -log₁₀[H+]
• How do you calculate the pH of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 0.03 moles per cubic meter?

  pH = -log₁₀(0.03)
• What does a pH of 1.5 suggest about hydrochloric acid?

  It indicates a strong acid
• How can you calculate the concentration of H+ ions from pH?

  Use H+ = 10^-pH
• What is the concentration of H+ ions in nitric acid with a pH of 1.7?

  0.0198 moles per cubic meter
• What is the assumption made about strong acids like hydrochloric acid?

  They dissociate fully in solution
• How do you calculate the pH of 0.25 moles per cubic meter of hydrochloric acid?

  pH = -log₁₀(0.25)
• What is a diprotic acid?

  An acid that produces two H+ ions per molecule
• How do you calculate the pH of 0.25 moles per cubic meter of sulfuric acid?

  pH = -log₁₀(0.5)
• What is the relationship between strong bases and their dissociation?

  Strong bases dissociate fully in solution
• How do you calculate the pH of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 0.15 moles per cubic meter?

  Use KW to find H+ concentration
• What is the value of KW at 298 Kelvin?

  1 x 10^-14 moles squared per cubic meter
• How do you find the concentration of H+ ions from the concentration of OH- ions?

  Use H+ = KW / [OH-]
• What is the acid dissociation constant (Ka)?

  It measures the strength of weak acids
• How do you calculate the pH of a weak acid like ethanoic acid?

  Use the Ka expression for weak acids
• What is the Ka expression for a weak acid?

  Ka = [H+]² / [HA]