biology paper 1

Created by

Eva Henok

Cards (63)

Define health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
What is a non-communicable disease? 
A disease that is not caused by pathogens and cannot be passed on to another person.
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that is caused by a pathogen which can be spread from one person to another person
What is a pathogen?
An organism that causes disease
How is Cholera spread?
by drinking contaminated water
Where is cilia found and how does it protect the body
it is found in the trachea and the bronchi, it sweeps mucus containing trapped pathogens into the back of the throat for coughing or swallowing into the stomach the acid in the stomach then kills the pathogens
Where is mucus found? and how does it protect the body
In the nose (in this case)
Mucus is sticky so it traps the pathogens
Where is hydrochloric acid found? and how does it protect the body
it is found in the stomach and destroys the cell wall of bacteria so kills the bacteria
How do you reduce tuberculosis (TB) ?
Coughing into a tissue, wash hands regularly, and get vaccinated against diseases
What organism causes TB and what are the symptoms
Caused by bacteria
the symptom are
coughing
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Loss of appetite
Organism causes cholera, and what are the symptoms
caused by a bacteria
the symptoms are
Diarrhea
Dehydration
Vomiting
what organism is chalara ash dieback caused by
Fungi
How is chalara ash dieback spread?
Carried through the air by wind and when diseased ash trees are moved between areas
What organism is Malaria caused by
Protist
How is malaria transmitted?
mosquito bites
How is TB transmitted?
airborne droplets
What causes HIV? 
virus
What are the symtoms of HIV?
weight loss
tiredness
Pneumonia
How is chalara ash dieback reduced
Cutting and burning down trees
Restricting the movement/import/export of chalara ash trees
Describe the lytic cycle 
The virus attaches to Receptor onto the host cell membrane and genetic material is infected into the host cell no takes control of the South and many copies of the virus is genetic. Material is made new virus particles are synthesised using the host cells, ribosome and amino acids to make the protein coat. For example, whole virus particles are assembled together. Many viral particles are released when they're so bursts open (lysis) destroying the host cell so these viruses can not attack other cells.
Describe the lysogenic pathway 
genetic material is inserted into the Host cells genetic material when cell divides the viruses Genetic material is copied with the host cells genetic material may happen several times some viruses don't immediately start replicating after infecting the cell. The virus is dormant, however, once the virus has triggered, it comes out of the dormant stage and enters the lytic pathway.
Symptoms of Malaria 
fever and chills
physical barriers in leaves 
Cuticle leaves r covered in a waxy layer called a cuticle, preventing pathogens from entering
physical barriers in tree
Bark, protects the stem of the tree
what do fungal pathogens release
releases an enzyme to soften the cell wall helping them get the nutrients inside the cell
Chemical defences of plants
Some plants produce chemical substances to deter/poison herbivores and pathogens only when attacked
How can humans exploit plants
For aspirin and Artemisin
what do Aspirin do 
Controls pains/fevers
what do Artemisia do
kills plasmodium
How can plant disease be detected?
-observation of visible symtoms
-Elimination of possible environmental causes
-Distribution analysis
-Diagnosis testing
explain the body response to immunisation using an inactive form of a pathogen?
When an inactive pathogen has entered antibodies are produced by lymophoctyes then memory lymphocytes are created
Define immunity? 
The ability of the body to respond quickly to an infection to destroy pathogens and prevent diseases
What is herd immunity? 
If 95% of people are immunised there is a small chance that someone who is not immunised would come into contact with someone who has the disease, which means there is a very low risk
Risks of immunisation? 
Children can get a mild form of the disease
Children may suffer some side effects/bad reactions
Some children may have an allergic reaction (very rare)
Advantages of immunisation? 
If immune ppl wont suffer/be harmed
If there is herd immunity it lowers the chance of little babies and ppl who can't get vaccinated catching the disease as there r less ppl to pass it onto preventing epidemics
Explain the use of monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests?
The woman urinated onto the end of the pregnancy kit, if she is pregnant her placenta will release the hormone, HCG will be present in her urine. The hormone HCG will then bind to the monoclonal antibody attached to the blue beads in the reaction zone. The urine then carries the blue beads and the hormone to the results window. Then in the results window the hormone then attaches onto the monoclonal antibodies, forming a blue line.
Describe the structure of DNA
Two strands twisted together to form a double helix, made up of many nucleotides, each nucleotide made up by a sugar called deoxyribose, phosphate and 4 bases these bases are called Thymine,Adenine,Guanine,Cytosine. The are complementary base pairs which are held together by hydrogen bonds
disadvantages of genetic engineering to produce GM crops
Reduce biodiversity, so impacts the food web
Public concern potential risk to humans
insects may develop resistance
gene could be transferred to another plant species
How advantages of genetic engineering to produce GM crops plant?
-Kills insect larvae that feed on the crop plant
-fewer crop plants, eaten by insects so higher yield
-reduce the use of pesticides, which saves time and money for the farmer
-specific so doesn't affect other species and only insect statue. The plant tissue are killed
describe the advantages of using fertilisers
Increases the growth and yield of crop plants