Geo edequas b

• Megacities


  Cities with a population of over 10 million people
• Global cities


  Cities that have a global importance and exert a dominant influence over continental and global economies and processes
• Reasons why some cities develop into major megacities or global cities

  • Changes in Natural Increase
  • Push factors - agricultural change and revolution
  • Cities are declared capital cities
  • Ports and trading cities
  • Colonial influences
  • Economic reasons
• Mumbai


  • Access to the ocean
  • Location in India
  • Well connected to other locations within India and abroad
  • Home of Bollywood
  • MNC headquarters such as that of Tata steel are located here
  • Nheva Sheva is India's largest container port
  • Mumbai international airport is an important hub airport
• Why has Mumbai grown?

  • Natural increase
  • Rural to urban migration
• Problems of rapidly growing Mumbai

  • Housing issues - Chawls, Squatter homes/slums, Pavement Dwellers
  • Challenges of living in Dharavi
• Improving the slums in Mumbai

  1. Improving roads and congestion

  2. Slum clearance

  3. Building 1.1 million low cost houses

  4. Reducing slum living from 60% to 10-20%

  5. Improving air quality, sanitation and water supply

  6. Creating jobs in construction, tourism and retail
• Self-help schemes in Dharavi, Mumbai

  • Councils provide materials for slum dwellers to improve their houses
  • Standpipes, toilet blocks, waste collection points
  • Health centres & schools
• Problems of a rapidly growing Mumbai

  Transport issues - overcrowded trains, congestion
• Mumbai Monorail


  • Sustainable transport
  • Reduces congestion
  • Green transport - reduction in emissions
  • Tickets are cheap but route does not travel through main city area
• London - a HIC global city


  • Location in south-east England
  • Access to water supply, flat land, port
  • Good transport links, easy access to Europe, seat of Government, financial heart
• London's population growth over time
• Causes of London's population growth

  • Internal (within the UK) migration has been negative
  • International net migration has always been positive
  • Natural Change has been positive
• Urban Sprawl


  The outwards growth of cities
• Sustainable communities


  • Brownfield not Greenfield site
  • Buildings accessible to all
  • Locally available jobs
  • Public transport available to all
  • Reduced car ownership
  • Green technology to reduce emissions
  • Local facilities e.g. community centre
  • Affordable housing
• the numbers of people moving out of London has been greater than the number of UK residents moving in
• International net migration has always been positive during the time period shown, so there have always been more foreign born people moving into London than out of it
• Natural Change has been positive, so births have been above deaths and this has boosted the population size
• Sustainable Communities


  A place where the needs of all individuals are met and can comfortably be maintained in the future
• Green Technology


  Renewable, environmentally friendly technology
• A sustainable community has

  • Brownfield not Greenfield site
  • Buildings accessible to all
  • Locally available jobs
  • Public transport available to all
  • Reduced car ownership
  • Green technology to reduce emissions
  • Local facilities e.g. community centre
  • Affordable housing
• Sustainability is not just about transport and leaving cars at home. Sustainability refers to consumption of other resources such as energy and food as well
• The Priority is Public Transport. Wealth is generated in the CBD so it is important that everyone is able to access it. The underground saves space as it doesn't need to access the surface
• Providing adequate open spaces - Greenbelts or areas where local authorities choose to restrict building around cities offers open space for recreation purposes. Many areas in cities have designated areas of open space in the form of parks, playing fields and individual gardens
• The areas hosting the Olympics like Stratford and nearby Tower Hamlets were in dire need of regeneration as they had a lot of abandoned old industrial sites, low achievement at school in terms of GCSE points score, industrial wastelands, higher than average unemployment than the rest of London and higher deprivation and poverty for the people that lived there, lower household incomes then the London average
• The London Olympics of 2012 was a fantastic sporting spectacle and put the spotlight of the World on our capital city. Part of the aims of the Olympics was to completely transform an area of East London that is lagging behind the rest, East London. The idea was to leave a lasting legacy or impact not just for sport but for the urban area in the East of London
• London's Waste strategy


  • By 2026 no biodegradable waste ( including food waste ) will be sent to Landfill
  • By 2030 65% of all waste will be recycled
  • Rolling out coffee cup recycling points across London
  • Phase out single use plastic bottles, cups, straws and micro-plastics in cafes
  • Pilot five water refill schemes in 2018 and evaluate these to inform a city-wide roll out
  • Launch a campaign cutting the use of single use plastic bottles and work with local businesses to act as local water refill points
  • Install an initial 20 drinking water fountains for summer 2018 and work with TfL to identify suitable locations on the transport network for installing drinking water fountains
• Sustainable Transport Strategies in London

  • Congestion Zone
  • Cycle-share Scheme (Santander Cycles)
  • Hydrogen Buses
• Congestion Zone


  London's main response to traffic congestion and pollution was to create the congestion charge zone in 2003. The congestion charge zone has created a 'low emission zone' inside central London. This means that any vehicle travelling into central London apart from fuel-efficient vehicles, must pay a daily fare ( £15 ) to enter the zone. Since 2003 there has been a 6% increase in bus passengers as a result of the zone. The zone also creates £148 million a year, money which is invested in improving London's transport network
• Cycle-share Scheme (Santander Cycles)

  The Barclay's cycle hire scheme was launched in 2010 with 6000 bikes and 400 docking stations. The aim is to increase cycling by 400% by 2026 to reduce emissions from cars and other transportation. To improve the uptake of people using the scheme London built the Barclay's cycle superhighways – 12 routes currently run through London which are separated cycle lanes – away from other traffic to improve safety. Despite reducing emissions many say the scheme could be more successful at current most bikes are used 3 times a day on average whereas in Barcelona's bike scheme – bikes are used 10 times a day
• Hydrogen Buses


  London's new Hydrogen buses were first introduced in 2012 in time for the Olympic games. The buses use hybrid technology and it produces 40% less Carbon Dioxide and is 40% more fuel efficient than previous London buses. The buses are cleaner, quieter and more efficient. Transport for London aim to increase bus transport by 60% by 2025 from 2005. At the moment there are only 8 hydrogen hybrid buses but Transport for London hopes to increase this to make up 20% of all buses by 2025
• Case study of a sustainable community – Bedzed, London


  • Economic: Reduce fuel cost of residents, Lower energy running bill, Combining live/work assist startup, Business Improved site ecological value
  • Social: Public transportation Live/work combined, Private open space in each home, Improve air quality, Community internet, Closer relationship between neighbours
  • Environmental: 100% renewable energy, Solar panels, Charging station for electrical cars, Wind powered ventilation systems, Rainwater storage tank underground -Rainwater used for flushing toilet and irrigating gardens, Conservation strategies (spray taps/ showers, dual/low ush toilets), On-site ecological water treatment Waste, Recycling facilities - Each home includes under-sink bin divided into 4 sections, Recycled timbers, Reused structural steels -Materials sourced locally, Timber used in preference to steel/ aluminium, Houses face south for solar gain, Roof gardens on top of workspaces, Transportation: Footpaths and cycle routes encourage walking and biking, Electric/hybrid cars have priority, Supermarket internet home delivery, Public transportation
• Pros of the London Olympics


  • Socially: The athletes' village has been relaunched as a housing estate called the East Village, the rooms have had kitchens added and walls knocked through. Almost half of these 2,818 new homes (40%) will be affordable. Eventually the whole Olympic Parkland will become five new neighbourhoods housing 8,000 people. The Olympics has helped schools in the area – there was a shortage of spaces but a new school opened in the grounds of the park. Chobham Academy will cover all levels of education. The aquatics centre now uses its 50m pools as facilities for the community and schools, as well as elite athletes. Unemployment OVERALL fell across London during the Olympic period
  • Economic: Stratford got a Tube station to help connect the area to the rest of London - Stratford is now second only to King's Cross as the most connected part of London. The Olympics brought more than £9bn of investment to east London, much of which went into transport. Lloyds TSB estimated that the Olympics will generate £10 billion in extra income for the UK economy. ALL of the Olympic venues have been sold. The final building to be sold off was the £300m media centre, which will now primarily house Infinity – a data company who want to store information for large corporations
  • Environmentally: Many of the grounds in the Olympic Park have been kept as parkland and are open to the public for use as a picnicking and play area. New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created, including ponds, woodlands, and artificial otter holes. The stadiums were made of at least 25% recycled materials The River Lea that runs through the Olympic Park was improved as has the quality of its water. Green areas were placed along the banks of the river. The Olympic Site was built largely on 560 acres of brownfield land, property that had been neglected, unused, and contaminated
• Cons of the London Olympics

  • Socially: Professor of Economics "The 'affordable rents' for the 2,800 new homes will be unaffordable to Newham's poorest households." MP in the Olympic borough of Tower Hamlets, said: "The impact of the infrastructure investment has been really fantastic... But – and there's a big but – in my borough unemployment actually went up during the Olympics." During the construction of the Olympics, very few jobs were created for local people. There are still high levels of unemployment in the borough and it was a missed opportunity to train people up for work. Tower Hamlets got very little out of the Olympics
  • Economic: The Olympic stadium is estimated to have cost £701 million pounds, almost 3 times the original estimate (source). This angered many local people. The total bill for the Olympics was £8.77 billion of tax payer's money. That was £5billion over budget. Existing businesses had to move, including H. Forman and Sons, a salmon-smoking factory with 50 employees. Rents and property prices have gone up as a result of the Games
  • Environmentally: Much wildlife had to be relocated; 4,000 smooth newts, 100 toads and 300 common lizards as well as fish including pikes and eels were moved by the Olympic Delivery Authority. Many of the materials for the stadiums and the Olympic Park came from overseas. The games produced 3.3 million tons of CO2
• In 2010 a key date was passed, the World's urban population passed 50% for the first time in history
• The World Health Organisation of the UN estimate that "By 2030, 6 out of every 10 people will live in a city, and by 2050, this proportion will increase to 7 out of 10 people."
• In 1900 the world's biggest cities were predominately in Europe and North America. Today, the vast majority of the world's biggest cities are found in Asia, with megacities found on every continent. Asia also has the largest number of millionaire cities today, whilst Europe and North America struggle to make it onto the largest cities list. The world cities have changed slightly but less than the location of megacities. Despite dropping off the top ten list of most populous areas London and Paris remain dominant world cities with huge influence over European and world economies
• Urbanisation


  Increase in the PROPORTION of people living in towns and cities
• Suburbanisation


  An increase in the PROPORTION of people living in the outer areas of a town or city
• Counter-urbanisation


  The movement of people out of urban areas into rural areas