sci

• Mountain

  • a land formation

  without vent
• Magma chamber is an

  open space or an area

  of a highly fractured

  substrate where

  magma accumulates.
• Conduit

  is the pipe or

  vent at the heart of a

  volcano where

  material wells up from

  beneath the surface.
• Crater is a circular

  depression around a

  volcanic vent where

  the lava, ash and rock

  erupt out of a volcano.
• Volcanic flanks are the

  sides of a volcano

  which usually have

  fractures.
• Volcanic base is the

  bottom and

  foundation of the

  volcano.
• Sills

  are beds of rocks

  that form as a result of

  rock formation

  between layers of

  older materials.
• Dikes are are rock

  sheets that can form

  from magma when

  they seep into cracks

  in rocks.
• Parasitic Cone Cone-shaped accumulation of volcanic material not part of the central vent of a volcano.
• • Caldera

  A large circular depression with steep walls and is at least 1 km wide.
• Lava Domes

  form when viscous

  lava cannot flow too far due to

  the viscosity and cools into a

  mound.
• Shield Volcanoes

  form when

  low-viscosity basaltic lava is

  allowed to flow freely from a vent

  stacking upon each other.
• Composite/Stratovolcanoes

  form by the accumulation of various

  successive erupted materials.
• Pyroclastic Cones

  are small,

  steep mounds composed of

  tephra or volcanic fragments

  formed by explosive eruptions.
• Effusive Eruptions

  Eruptions are considered

  effusive when they produce

  lava flows exclusively.
• Explosive Eruptions

  produce

  pyroclastic debris due to the

  sudden release of built-up

  pressure.
• Magmatic Eruptions

  ● These are driven by thermal expansion of the dissolved

  gases in lava.
• Strombolian eruptions

  are the result of the

  bursting of clumps of gas

  bubbles with

  incandescent lava flows,

  with eruption column that

  is less than 5km
• Icelandic eruptions

  are sustained fissure

  eruptions, producing

  curtains of basaltic lava

  and produce large igneous

  provinces (LIPs)
• Vulcanian eruptions

  result from more viscous

  lava which builds up until

  it explodes, ejecting large

  volumes of pyroclastics

  and an eruption column

  5–10 km
• Pelean eruptions

  These eruptions are

  characterized by nuée

  ardente or “glowing

  avalanches.”
• Plinian eruptions

  result from the extreme

  build up of gases in the

  magma chamber and

  conduit with eruption

  column higher than 10 km
• Surtseyan eruption

  occurs in shallow bodies of water

  and are characterized by strong

  explosions as a result of magma

  coming in contact with water.
• Phreatomagmatic Eruptions

  ●These eruptions are driven by the violent thermal

  contraction of magma when it interacts with water,

  resulting in an explosion. It is the equivalent of a

  “wet” Strombolian eruption.
• Phreatic Eruptions

  These are purely steam-driven, caused by the

  expansion of water into steam when heated by a

  nearby magma chamber or volcanic source.
• Weather

  It is the current atmospheric

  conditions, including

  temperature, rainfall, wind, and

  humidity at any given place.

  Climate

  It is sometimes referred to as

  “average” weather for a given

  area.
• Latitude

  is the distance of a

  place relative to the equator.

  Atmosphere

  is the envelope of gases, held by

  gravity, that surrounds the

  Earth.
• hydrosphere

  represents all

  water on Earth in any state.

  geosphere

  influences

  climate through an area’s

  geography and land cover.
• leeward has dry and

  warmer temperature.

  windward has cooler

  and moist temperature.
• biosphere

  represents all life

  on Earth.

  Vegetation

  influences climate

  by absorbing solar energy and

  carbon dioxide from the

  atmosphere, releasing oxygen,

  and releasing water vapor

  through evapotranspiration.
• Stars

  are massive balls of

  gas and plasma that emit

  heat, light, and radiation

  throughout the entire

  universe.

  Stars

  produce energy through

  nuclear fusion.
• star’s mass

  indicates the

  elements produced during

  nuclear reactions.

  color of stars

  indicates their

  surface temperature.
• Stars with higher temperatures are

  blue in color.


  Stars with lower temperatures are

  red in color.
• Stars are more accurately classified based on spectral types.


  Spectral types are temperature measurements based on the

  absorbed elements.
• 
  

  emission lines are produced when hot gases

  are heated, emitting light only at specific wavelengths.
• Dark absorption lines

  are produced if a cooler gas is

  placed in front of a hotter

  object.
• The size of stars is measured

  based on the sun’s radius.
• Sun is a medium star.


  A star with one solar radius

  has the same

  size as the sun.
• 
  

  Those smaller than the

  sun are called dwarf stars.
• 
  

  The brightness of a star

  is dependent on its size

  and temperature.