Henry VIII foreign policy

• when was the Treaty of Etaples renewed?

  1510
• Why did Henry's councilors (inherited from his father)renew the Treaty of Etaples?

  • Wanted a continuation of peace so negotiated the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples
  • Henry VIII had idolised Henry V and did not want peace with the French
• What happened in the 1512 invasion of France? Was anything achieved?

  
  

  1. Henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 men to Southwest France under the command of the Marquis of Dorset

  2. Achieved nothing and was used by Ferdinand of Aragon as a diversionary tactic so he could capture Navarre
• What happened in the 1513 2nd invasion of France?

  1. Henry, himself, led an army of about 30,000 men (organised by Wolsey) to invade France in June 1513

  2. At the ' Battle of the Spurs ' Henry captured the towns of Therouanne and Tournai

  3. In reality, it was nothing more than a skirmish

  4. The war was costly, caused the loss of the French pension and Tournai was eventually sold back to the French
• When was the Battle of Flodden?

  September 1513
• 1514 Marriage alliance

  1. Henry had run out of money by 1514 meaning he sought peace with the French

  2. Wolsey negotiated the marriage of his sister Mary and Louis XII of France despite a huge age gap

  3. The marriage took place in October 1514 and Louis XII died in January 1515

  4. The Duke of Suffolk married Mary in secret meaning Henry could not remarry her for diplomacy
• Ferdinand death

  1516
• When Ferdinand of Aragon died in 1516, his grandson Charles V, who was already the ruler of the Netherlands became the King of Spain
• Charles decided not to go into an alliance with England and, instead, signed the Treaty of Noyon with France
• Francis I succession

  1515
• Francis I was a young, charismatic king whom Henry saw as a personal and political rival
• Henry attempted to secure an alliance with Spain but was unsuccessful as he died in 1516
• 1517 Treaty of Cambrai

  1. After the Treaty of Noyon, Charles' other grandfather, Maximilian agreed the Treaty of Cambrai with the French

  2. This left England dangerously isolated in Europe

  3. The alliance gave Francis I the opportunity to install the Duke of Albany (French noble) as regent in Scotland as he was heir presumptive

  4. This inevitably put pressure on anglo-Scottish relations
• 1518 Treaty of London

  1. The Treaty of London (1518) came about due to Pope Leo X's concerns about the threat posed by the Ottoman Turks

  2. It was a united Christian Front meaning it comprised England, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire

  3. The treaty ended England's isolation, became a treaty for 'perpetual peace', and propelled Wolsey to become Papal Legate over England

  4. Albany was removed from Scotland and Tournai was returned
• 1520 Field of Cloth of Gold

  1. In June 1520, Henry and Francis I met for the Field of Cloth of Gold

  2. This extravagant meeting lasted for more than 2 weeks and cost £15,000

  3. The meeting was successful but it lost stature in Henry's eyes after he was defeated by Francis in a wrestling match
• Emperor Charles

  1519
• • The Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian died in January 1519 and consequently, Charles V was elected
  • This unified the Holy Roman Empire and Spain which threatened France
• Both sides wanted to gain Henry's support
• 1521 Treaty of Bruges

  1. Wolsey agreed the Treaty of Bruges in August 1521

  2. This meant Henry had to invade France if Francis refused to make peace with Charles

  3. The treaty encompassed a marriage alliance between Charles and Henry's daughter Princess Mary
• • In September 1513, James IV invaded the north of England
  • Catherine of Aragon sent the Earl of Surrey to defeat the invasion
  • It was a massive blow for Scotland as James Iv and 10,000 soldiers were killed
  • However, Henry did little to exploit this and left his sister, Margaret, as regent for James V
• 1522 War with France

  1. War was declared on the French in May 1522 and Henry sent a small army to Northern France

  2. This failed as it received no support from Charles

  3. In a 2nd invasion in 1523, Henry sent an army but it was defeated by Francis before it reached Paris

  4. The campaign cost £400,000 and achieved nothing due to a lack of support from Charles

  5. Charles also repudiated the marriage to Mary
• The Battle of Pavia

  1525
• The Battle of Pavia (1525) was a huge victory for Charles as he defeated and captured Francis
• Henry had hoped to launch a joint invasion of France but Charles was refused as England's contribution to the triumph was paltry (Peter Gwyn)
• The failure of the Amicable Grant showed English hostility to another war with France
• The Treaty of the More (1525)

  Secured peace with France and a French pension for England
• 1526 League of Cognac

  1. Wolsey supported the Pope's League of Cognac which aimed to counterbalance the excessive power of the Emperor in Northern Italy

  2. England provided finance but did not join

  3. It was poorly timed as Henry sought to resolve the King's Great Matter which caused more hostility from Charles
• 1529 Peace of Cambrai

  1. The power of Emperor Charles is demonstrated by his victory over the French at the Battle of Landriano in 1529

  2. This led to the Peace of Cambrai which forced Francis to give up his ambitions in Northern Italy

  3. This was a failure for Henry who blamed Wolsey for the diplomatic failure
• As Charles was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon and Francis was in alliance with the Pope, Henry could only solve his Great Matter by breaking with Rome
• There were no repercussions from the catholic powers at this time as they had been fighting the Ottoman Turks
• 1532 Alliance with France

  Henry established an alliance with France; however, its usefulness evaporated as Francis sought to establish a marriage alliance between his son Henry and the Pope's niece Catherine de Medici
• 1536 Continuation of fighting
• 1538 Treaty of Nice & Papal Bull

  1. In 1538, Francis and Charles agreed peace with the Treaty of Nice and both decided to sever ties to England

  2. Pope Paul III issued a bull which meant English Catholics no longer had to obey their ruler and he tried to rouse support for a catholic crusade against Henry in France and Scotland
• These undoubtedly show Henry was weakened in his position
• 1542 Invasion of Scotland

  1. In 1542, Henry VIII made unreasonable demands to the Scottish King which he declined

  2. This provoked England to invade; at the Battle of Solway Moss, the English army defeated the Scottish and, James V died a few days later

  3. This left his one-week-old daughter Mary as the heir meaning Scotland was vulnerable

  4. However, Henry failed to launch a full-scale invasion as he was more focused on his intentions in France
• 1540 Marriage to Anne of Cleves

  1. Henry married Anne of Cleves in 1540

  2. This was a tactical decision as his first encounter with Anne had coincided with a meeting between Francis and Charles

  3. It was hoped that the marriage to Anne and an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden would be good insurance if Charles and Francis decided to invade
• 1543 Treaty of Greenwich

  1. Henry sought to marry Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots

  2. This was supported by the Scottish regent the Earl of Arran and so the Treaty of Greenwich was signed

  3. However, Scottish parliament would not allow for Mary to be brought up in England and refused to ratify the Treaty after Arran repudiated his support for Henry
• • In 1527, Pope Clement VII fell prisoner to Charles after he sacked Rome
  • Henry and Wolsey negotiated the Treaty of Amiens with the French which was anti- Imperial
  • Wolsey wanted to pressurise the Emporer by imposing a trade embargo on Burgundy but this failed as Charles retaliated causing mass unemployment in England
• • When fighting resumed between Francis and the Emperor, England's position improved as it meant that England would not become isolated
  • The effect of the Break with Rome was also lessened by the death of Catherine and Anne Boleyn in 1536
• 1544 Invasion of Scotland

  1. Following Henry's catastrophic Scottish policy, he ordered the Earl of Hertford to carry out punitive raids on Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews

  2. This proved to caused more Scottish hosility towards the English

  3. Henry failed to heed the advice of Sir Ralph Sadler, his ambassador in Scotland, and had failed to solve the Scottish problem