learning

• classical conditioning


  process of learning through involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus resulting in a conditioned response
• steps involved in classical conditioning:

  1. before conditioning
  2. during conditioning
  3. after conditioning
• classical conditioning is a behaviourist approach to learning
• before conditioning

  the neutral stimulus has no associations therefore does not produce any significant response.

  • neutral stimulus produces no significant response
  • unconditioned stimulus, produces an unconscious response
  • unconditioned response, naturally occurring behaviour inn response in response to a stimulus
• during conditioning


  the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, producing the unconditioned response.

  
  

  neutral stimulus must be presented first, remaining until the unconditioned stimulus is presented within 30 seconds.
• after conditioning


  neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response (has been learnt)
• operant conditioning 


  three-phase learning process that involves an antecedent, behaviour, and consequence, whereby the consequence determines the likelihood that it will reoccur.
• operant conditioning steps:

  1. antecedent
  2. behaviour
  3. consequence
• antecedent


  stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour
• behaviour


  voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent.
• consequence 


  outcome of the behaviour which determines the likelihood that it will occur again.
• reinforcement


  refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccuring.
• positive reinforcement


  the addition of a desirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reccuring
• negative reinforcement


  the removal of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
• punishment


  consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
• positive punishment


  addition of an undesirable stimulus which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring.
• negative punishment

  removal of a desirable stimulus, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring.
• observational learning


  process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequences of that behaviour
• Stages of observational learning:

  attention

  retention

  reproduction

  motivation

  reinforcement
• attention 


  individuals actively focus on the model's behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour
• individuals are more likely to pay attention when:

  • perceived positively
  • liked
  • of high status (celebrity)
  • familiar to the learner
  • visible and stands out from others
  • behaving in a way that the learner believes can be limited
• retention 


  individuals create mental representation to remember model's demonstrated behaviour. If iit has reached this stage it means info that they have paid attention to is stored in memory. This info can be accessed later when the the individual goes to perform behaviour.
• reproduction


  must have physical and mental capabilities to replicate behaviour
• motivation


  cognitive process must desire to perform the behaviour they are observing (intrinsic or extrinsic)
• reinforcement


  individual receives positive consequence for the behaviour makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future.
• types of reinforcement:

  • self-reinforcement
  • external reinforcement
  • vicarious reinforcement
• 8 Aboriginal approaches to learning 


  Story-sharing

  Learning maps

  non-verbal

  symbols and images

  non-linear

  land links

  community links

  deconstruct/ reconstruct
• Aboriginal & Torres Strait islander approaches to learning 


  Multimodal system that emphasises the importance between learners and teachers