Chapter 14

• PAMPs


  Peptidoglycan, LPS and flagella when interacting with a PRR or phagocyte and defensive cells is flagged because they are not present in mammals
• Mucosal Surface


  • Impeded attachment, tears clear the eyes and flush out any irritants, MALT
• Respiratory


  • Nasal hairs, mucous and fluids act as a flush, cillia throughout the respiratory tree, sneeze and cough reflex
• Gastrointestinal


  • Flow of saliva causes microbes to go into the acidic harsh environment of the stomach and the intestines, colonial resistance/microbiota
• Gastrourinary


  • Continuous trickle of urine and vaginal mucous secretions
• Cutaneous


  • Keratinized waterproof layer, subaceous glands, sweat and low pH
• Hematopoiesis


  Blood cells are created, all blood cells start off as pluripotent stem cells within the bone marrow. Due to growth factors and hormones the stem cell will differentiate into a mature blood cell within the bone marrow or another site
• T cells


  • Assist B cells and kill foreign cells
• B cells


  • Differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies
• Neutrophils


  • Phagocytes in blood; active engulfers and killer of bacteria
• Basophils


  • Have a function in inflammatory events
• Eosinophils


  • Active in worm and fungal infections, allergies, and inflammatory resposes
• Monocytes


  • Blood phagocytes that rapidly leave the circulation; mature into macrophages and dendritic cells
• Lymphocytes


  • B and T cells
• Interferons


  • Signal to neighboring cells to inhibit viral replication by degrading viral RNA or by preventing translation of viral proteins
• Lymph Nodes


  • Small bean shaped organs that filter antigens from the lymph and a site of many immune reactions
• Thymus


  • Site of T cell maturation
• Spleen


  • Site of many immune reactions and filters blood
• Bone Marrow


  • Site for hematopoiesis, maturation of B cells and RBCs, WBCs and platelets are created
• Fever


  Inhibits growth of temperature sensitive microbes, reduces metabolism, hematopoiesis, phagocytosis and helps B and T cells find the sites of infection
• Phagocytosis


  • Phagocytes ingest pathogens and destroyed
• Antimicrobial proteins


  • Also known as antibodies, attach to pathogens neutralize them and attracts other immune cells
• Simularites between the lymphatic and circulatory system is that they both carry white blood cells and the lymphatic system meets the circulatory system near the heart where lymphatic fluid is dumped into the circulatory system.
• Lymphatic system


  Only flows in one direction
• Circulatory system


  Goes in two directions
• Circulatory system


  1. Heart pumping

  2. Travels blood throughout the body
• Lymphatic system


  1. Contraction of skeletal muscles

  2. Pumps fluid through the body
• Circulatory system


  Carries blood whose main purpose is transport oxygen throughout the body
• Lymphatic system


  • Drains WBCs from tissues
  • Returns fluid to circulatory
• Blood


  Purified by the spleen
• Lymphatic fluid


  Purified in the lymph nodes
• Lymph


  White and composed of water, salt and proteins
• Blood


  Contains red blood cells and plasma
• Lymphocytes include T and B cells
• Granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.
• Agranulocytes include Monocytes and Lymphocytes.
• Professional phagocytes include neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages.
• Macrophages


  The largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells; strategic participants in certain specific immune reactions.