process whereby organisms undergo genetic and physical changes
Francisco Jose (Spanish American Biologist)
"various types of plants, animals, and other living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations"
Biocultural
introduced by anthropologists in 1970s
mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture
biology makes culture possible
Lewis Henry Morgan
created the History of three stages of development
Three Stages of Development
Savage
Barbaric
Civilized
Savage
lowest, nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle
Barbaric
middle, agriculture and domestication of animals
Civilized
highest, writing
Friedrich Engels
"Accumulation of private property paved way for the collapse of primitive communities and establish if a class-based society"
Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
"Social Institution evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes overmeans of population, such as wealth and property"
Herbert Spencer
20th century
"individual members in the societies engage in a competition for survival ehere the superior dominate the inferior"
Non-evolutionary Perspective
societies cannot be classified according to definite stages of development
Franz Boas defined Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism
human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially
Morgan/Engels
evolution occurs based on "stages of development"
Franz Boas
"one stage dos not necessarily precede or lead to other stages"
Chiefdom
Tribes
Band-level Society/Bands
Tribes
more formal social organization made up of several bands/groups
Headman
resolves conflicts
overseeing activities
organizes feasts and festivals
Chiefdom
United under one leader/chiefs
more complicated interactions; large populations and territoties
The Industrial Evolution
mid-1700s to 1800s
society particularly in Western Europe were transformed
Influenced by
Technological breakthroughs
Increased use of mechanical devices
Discovery of steam power, led to factory system
Theories on Society an State
Society as a naturalinstitution
Society as a product of socialcontract
ModernizationTheories
Aristotle
"human beings are by nature social and political animals"
Polis
city/state
highest form of interaction which fulfills the highest need of man
Social Contract
agreement by members of society
Thomas Hobbes
"main rule of political ruler is to maintain order and security of people"
John Locke
"primary function of the state is to guarantee individuals to exercie their natural rights to life, liberty, and property"
Historical-Materialist Perspective (KarlMarx and Friedrich)
societies evolve in stages of relation to th development of the means of production and its ownership
Nationalization and Bureaucratization (Max Weber)
specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically
Theories on Modernization (EmileDurkheim)
Mechanical Solidarity
Organic Solidarity
Mechanical Solidarity
societies thay have similar members
Organic Solidarity
society that have various types of individuals
Social Institutions
organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices, and relationships to attain social order
Elements of Social Institutions
Institutional Approach
Relational Approach
Institutional Approach
tells that social institutions are ordered set of rules, norms, beliefs, values that organize human behaviour
Relational Approach
Focus on social relations rather than rules, norms, beliefs, or values
Family
group related by blood, marriage, and shared residence