lesson 5-6

• 3 Types of Societal Evolution

  1. Biological
  2. Technological
  3. Biocultural
• Biological

  process whereby organisms undergo genetic and physical changes
• Francisco Jose (Spanish American Biologist)

  "various types of plants, animals, and other living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations"
• Biocultural

  • introduced by anthropologists in 1970s
  • mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture
  • biology makes culture possible
• Lewis Henry Morgan

  created the History of three stages of development
• Three Stages of Development

  1. Savage
  2. Barbaric
  3. Civilized
• Savage

  lowest, nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle
• Barbaric

  middle, agriculture and domestication of animals
• Civilized

  highest, writing
• Friedrich Engels

  "Accumulation of private property paved way for the collapse of primitive communities and establish if a class-based society"
• Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx

  "Social Institution evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes overmeans of population, such as wealth and property"
• Herbert Spencer

  • 20th century
  • "individual members in the societies engage in a competition for survival ehere the superior dominate the inferior"
• Non-evolutionary Perspective

  societies cannot be classified according to definite stages of development
• Franz Boas defined Cultural Relativism
• Cultural Relativism

  human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially
• Morgan/Engels

  evolution occurs based on "stages of development"
• Franz Boas

  "one stage dos not necessarily precede or lead to other stages"
• 1. Chiefdom
  2. Tribes
  3. Band-level Society/Bands
• Tribes

  more formal social organization made up of several bands/groups
• Headman

  1. resolves conflicts
  2. overseeing activities
  3. organizes feasts and festivals
• Chiefdom

  • United under one leader/chiefs
  • more complicated interactions; large populations and territoties
• The Industrial Evolution

  • mid-1700s to 1800s
  • society particularly in Western Europe were transformed
• Influenced by

  1. Technological breakthroughs
  2. Increased use of mechanical devices
  3. Discovery of steam power, led to factory system
• Theories on Society an State

  1. Society as a natural institution
  2. Society as a product of social contract
  3. Modernization Theories
• Aristotle

  "human beings are by nature social and political animals"
• Polis

  • city/state
  • highest form of interaction which fulfills the highest need of man
• Social Contract

  agreement by members of society
• Thomas Hobbes

  "main rule of political ruler is to maintain order and security of people"
• John Locke

  "primary function of the state is to guarantee individuals to exercie their natural rights to life, liberty, and property"
• Historical-Materialist Perspective (Karl Marx and Friedrich)

  societies evolve in stages of relation to th development of the means of production and its ownership
• Nationalization and Bureaucratization (Max Weber)

  specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically
• Theories on Modernization (Emile Durkheim)

  1. Mechanical Solidarity
  2. Organic Solidarity
• Mechanical Solidarity

  societies thay have similar members
• Organic Solidarity

  society that have various types of individuals
• Social Institutions

  organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices, and relationships to attain social order
• Elements of Social Institutions

  1. Institutional Approach
  2. Relational Approach
• Institutional Approach

  tells that social institutions are ordered set of rules, norms, beliefs, values that organize human behaviour
• Relational Approach

  Focus on social relations rather than rules, norms, beliefs, or values
• Family

  group related by blood, marriage, and shared residence
• Kinds of Family

  1. Nuclear Families
  2. Extended Families
  3. Reconstituted Families