lesson 5-6

Cards (62)

  • 3 Types of Societal Evolution
    1. Biological
    2. Technological
    3. Biocultural
  • Biological
    process whereby organisms undergo genetic and physical changes
  • Francisco Jose (Spanish American Biologist)
    "various types of plants, animals, and other living things on earth have their origins in other pre-existing types and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations"
  • Biocultural
    • introduced by anthropologists in 1970s
    • mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture
    • biology makes culture possible
  • Lewis Henry Morgan
    created the History of three stages of development
  • Three Stages of Development
    1. Savage
    2. Barbaric
    3. Civilized
  • Savage
    lowest, nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle
  • Barbaric
    middle, agriculture and domestication of animals
  • Civilized
    highest, writing
  • Friedrich Engels
    "Accumulation of private property paved way for the collapse of primitive communities and establish if a class-based society"
  • Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
    "Social Institution evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes overmeans of population, such as wealth and property"
  • Herbert Spencer
    • 20th century
    • "individual members in the societies engage in a competition for survival ehere the superior dominate the inferior"
  • Non-evolutionary Perspective
    societies cannot be classified according to definite stages of development
  • Franz Boas defined Cultural Relativism
  • Cultural Relativism
    human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially
  • Morgan/Engels
    evolution occurs based on "stages of development"
  • Franz Boas
    "one stage dos not necessarily precede or lead to other stages"
    1. Chiefdom
    2. Tribes
    3. Band-level Society/Bands
  • Tribes
    more formal social organization made up of several bands/groups
  • Headman
    1. resolves conflicts
    2. overseeing activities
    3. organizes feasts and festivals
  • Chiefdom
    • United under one leader/chiefs
    • more complicated interactions; large populations and territoties
  • The Industrial Evolution
    • mid-1700s to 1800s
    • society particularly in Western Europe were transformed
  • Influenced by
    1. Technological breakthroughs
    2. Increased use of mechanical devices
    3. Discovery of steam power, led to factory system
  • Theories on Society an State
    1. Society as a natural institution
    2. Society as a product of social contract
    3. Modernization Theories
  • Aristotle
    "human beings are by nature social and political animals"
  • Polis
    • city/state
    • highest form of interaction which fulfills the highest need of man
  • Social Contract
    agreement by members of society
  • Thomas Hobbes
    "main rule of political ruler is to maintain order and security of people"
  • John Locke
    "primary function of the state is to guarantee individuals to exercie their natural rights to life, liberty, and property"
  • Historical-Materialist Perspective (Karl Marx and Friedrich)
    societies evolve in stages of relation to th development of the means of production and its ownership
  • Nationalization and Bureaucratization (Max Weber)
    specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically
  • Theories on Modernization (Emile Durkheim)
    1. Mechanical Solidarity
    2. Organic Solidarity
  • Mechanical Solidarity
    societies thay have similar members
  • Organic Solidarity
    society that have various types of individuals
  • Social Institutions
    organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices, and relationships to attain social order
  • Elements of Social Institutions
    1. Institutional Approach
    2. Relational Approach
  • Institutional Approach
    tells that social institutions are ordered set of rules, norms, beliefs, values that organize human behaviour
  • Relational Approach
    Focus on social relations rather than rules, norms, beliefs, or values
  • Family
    group related by blood, marriage, and shared residence
  • Kinds of Family
    1. Nuclear Families
    2. Extended Families
    3. Reconstituted Families