reproductive disorders
Subdecks (1)
Cards (25)
- Alterations in Male function
- erectile dysfunctions (impotence): consistent inability to maintain an erection
- etiology/pathophysiology
- hormonal: reduced androgen levels
- medications that suppress pituitary release of gonadotropins
- neurological: lack of innervation -> loss of reflex mechanism involved in erection
- vascular: impairment of perfusion -> arterial dilation ineffective
- psychogenic
- anxiety or depression -> inappropriate adrenergic stimulation causes vasoconstriction -> prohibits arterial dilation
- Alterations in Male function
- Priapism
- defined: uncommon condition of prolonged erection > 4 hours
- etiology
- spinal cord trauma, sickle cell disease, pelvic tumors
- medications: treatment for impotence (viagra), anti-hypertensives, anticoagulants, alcohol and marijuana
- pathophysiology
- corpora cavernosa fills with blood -> venous obstruction and vascular congestion
- clinical manifestations
- urinary retention
- edema, fibrosis can lead to impotence
- Alterations in Male function
- cryptorchidism
- failure of one or both testes to descend into scrotum in fetal development
- etiology: mostly idiopathic with spontaneous descent first 3 months
- testes maintained at higher than normal temperature -> faulty spermatogenesis (can lead to infertility)
- Alterations in Male function
- testicular torsion
- acute ischemic testicular injury with rotation of spermatic cord -> venous occlusion
- acute ischemia -> scrotal edema (hydrocele = fluid around testes)
- swelling, ecchymosis
- irreversible testicular damage can occur
- Alterations in Male function
- inflammatory disorders
- epididymitis
- etiology: STIs or urinary tract infection
- inflammation causes unilateral pain and edema
- symptoms of UTI, discharge, low abdominal pain
- Alterations in Male function
- inflammatory disorders
- orchitis
- etiology: spread from other areas (epididymis) or complication of other diseases
- fever, painful enlargement of testes but no urinary tract symptoms
- may result in impaired spermatogenesis
- Alterations in Male function
- testicular cancer: most common cause of cancer of men 20-35 years old
- enlargement that is painless or slight aching of groin
- Alterations in Male function
- prostatic disorders
- prostatitis
- inflammation of the prostate gland
- bacterial: considered UTI (e. coli a lot of times)
- Alterations in Male function
- prostatic disorders
- benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): enlargement of the prostate
- imbalance between cell growth and normal cell death due to abnormal growth factors
- palpable prostate
- resulting compression of bladder neck
- problems with voiding, urinary stasis
- elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
- Alterations in Male function
- prostatic disorders
- prostate cancer (diagnosed through biopsy)
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of the uterus
- pelvic inflammatory disease
- infection of uterus, fallopian tubes, adjacent pelvic structures
- organisms colonize the cervix through sexually transmitted infections and stimulate an inflammatory response
- scarring and obstruction
- clinical mani
- pain
- vaginal discharge
- fever, flu like symptoms
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of the uterus
- endometriosis
- functional endometrial tissue in ectopic sites
- unknown cause
- tissue stimulate by ovarian hormones -> pain and bleeding into surrounding tissues
- adhesions develop and can lead to infertility
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of the uterus
- endometrial cancer
- abnormal, painless bleeding
- hyperplasic cells may present on PAP exam: "atypia"
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of ovaries
- ovarian cysts
- fluid filled
- increased size of ovary
- pain, abnormal bleeding, compression of the bladder
- differentiate from ovarian cancer
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of the cervix
- cervical cancer
- pathophysiology/progressive changes
- cervical dysplasia
- cervical carcinoma in situ
- invasive carcinoma
- clinical manifestations
- screening
- vaginal bleeding or discharge
- pelvic or abdominal bleeding
- HPV vaccine
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of menstruation
- amenorrhea
- mechanism depends on cause: endocrine or structural
- hypothalamic or pituitary failure
- ovarian failure
- endometriosis
- anorexia (drop in fat tissue drops estrogen)
- ovulatory status questionable
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of menstruation
- menopause
- gradual cessation of ovarian function
- perimenopause
- surgical menopause
- clinical manifestations
- decrease in estrogen and relative increase in other hormones
- hot flashes or night sweat
- palpitations, headache, dizziness, insomnia
- osteoporosis
- cardiovascular complications
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of the breast
- galactorrhea (milk production in non nursing females)
- stimulation of neural arc reflex controlling milk letdown due to endocrine disorders or pituitary tumors, intracranial tumors (increase in prolactin hormone)
- drug side effects
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of the breast
- fibrocystic breast: benign breast alteration
- cyst formation
- fibrosis
- clinical mani
- breast pain, masses
- nipple discharge
- tissue biopsy for differentiation from breast cancer
- Disorders of female reproductive system
- disorders of the breast
- breast cancer
- ductal epithelium
- metastasis
- clinical manifestations
- detection of lump
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 (breast cancer gene)
- sexually transmitted infections
- etiology
- bacteria: syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia
- viral: HIV, genital herpes
- protozoan: trichomoniasis
- sexually transmitted infections
- pathophysiology
- exposure
- incubation
- lesions or discharge containing the organism
- systemic infection
- infertility
- sexually transmitted infections
- clinical manifestations: lesion or discharge