foundations

• Carbon


  • C-C and C-H bonds are strong and unreactive
  • Can bond to itself, to metals, to heteroatoms (atoms other than C or H)
  • Geometrically flexible, forms chains, rings, multiple bonds
• Moles


  mass / molecular weight
• density 


  mass / volume
• concentration 


  moles / volume
• carbon bonding arrangements 


  can be joined to appropriate atoms by a single double or triple bond and must total exactly four bonds
• valence 


  number of bonds to an atom in a stable, neutral molecule
• functional group 


  a recognisable arrangement of atoms that is characteristic of a class of molecules. compounds containing the same functional group can be expected to display similar reactivity. all molecules containing C-OH functional group contains an alcohol.
• general formula for alcohols ROH


  ( R = and alkyl group)
• C (valence)


  4
• N (valence)


  3
• O (valence) 


  2
• H, halogens (X) (valence)


  1