ha lec mt

• Diagnostic procedure


  An examination to identify an individual's specific areas of weakness and strength in order determine a condition, disease or illness
• Diagnostic procedure


  Method or process performed to determine whether an individual has a medical condition or behavioral health issue
• Types of diagnostic procedures

  • Invasive
  • Non-invasive
• Non-invasive


  Not entering or penetrating the body or disturbing body tissue, especially in a diagnostic procedure
• Non-invasive


  When no break in the skin is created and there is no contact with the mucosa, or skin break, or internal body cavity beyond a natural or artificial body orifice
• Examples of non-invasive procedures


  • Examination of the ear-drum or inside the nose
  • Wound dressing change
• Non-invasive procedures


  To assess body function in health and disease (physical examination and inspection), such as pulse-taking, the auscultation of heart sounds and lung sounds (using the stethoscope), temperature examination (using thermometers), respiratory examination, peripheral vascular examination, oral examination, abdominal examination, external percussion and palpation, blood pressure measurement (using the sphygmomanometer), change in body volumes (using plethysmograph), audiometry, eye examination, and many others
• Computed Tomography (CT)


  Medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)


  Medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body, mostly used in radiology and nuclear medicine in order to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body, and to detect pathologies including tumors, inflammation, neurological conditions such as stroke, disorders of muscles and joints, and abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels
• Radiography


  Imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object
• Invasive


  Involving the introduction of instruments or other objects into the body or body cavities, characterized by or involving invasion, requiring the entry of a needle, catheter, or other instrument into a part of the body, especially in a diagnostic procedure, as a biopsy
• Suffixes related to medical procedures

  • -graphy (to record)
  • -gram (an image)
  • -scopy (to see)
  • -scope (examination instrument)
  • -centesis (to puncture)
  • -metry (to measure)
  • -meter (instrument for obtaining measurements)
• Need for screening


  Quarantine of cases of an infectious disease, in an immunization programme, it might be necessary to screen out those already infected, to detect disease at a phase in its development in which there is successful treatment
• Fecalysis


  Stool analysis/ stool examination
• Defecation


  The process of expulsion of feces from the rectum
• LBM


  Liquid bowel movement
• Constipation


  Hard and dry stool
• Composition of stool


  • 3/4 water, 1/4 solid
  • Undigested and unabsorbed food
  • Intestinal secretions, Mucous
  • Bile pigments and Salts
  • Bacteria and Inorganic material
  • Epithelial cells, Leukocytes
• Stool appearance


  • Soft to well formed - Normal
  • Small, hard, dark ball - Constipation
  • Voluminous, odorous, floating - Malabsorption of fats or proteins
  • Loose with mucus - Villous adenoma
  • Loose with blood and mucus - Inflammatory bowel syndrome
  • Sticky, black, tarry - Upper GIT hemorrhage
• Universal precautions for stool collection

  Stool should be collected in a dry, sterilized, wide mouthed container, it should be uncontaminated with Urine or any other body secretions, properly named and always a fresh sample should be tested
• Macroscopic examination of stool

  • Volume
  • Colour
  • Consistency
  • Odour
  • Blood
  • Mucous
  • Parts of parasite and Adult Parasite
• Normal stool colour


  Yellowish brown, resulting from a combination of bile and bilirubin
• Variations in stool colour

  • Bright Red/Maroon
  • Blood streak
  • Yellow
  • Green
  • Black
  • Blue
  • Tan/Clay
  • White
  • Pale greasy
• Alcoholic stool


  Gray, pale or gray colored due to biliary obstruction
• Hematochezia


  Passage of bright red blood, lower GIT bleeding
• Melena


  Black tarry stool, upper GIT bleeding
• Steatorrhea


  Greasy, bulky, foul smelling stool, hepato-pancreatic obstruction disorder
• Macroscopic examination of urine

  • Volume
  • Color
  • Odour
  • Reaction or urinary pH
  • Specific gravity
  • Osmolality
• Normal urinary volume


  600-2000ml with night urine not in excess of 400 ml
• Abnormal urinary volumes


  • Polyuria->2000ml/24 hrs
  • Oliguria-<500ml/24 hrs
  • Anuria-complete cessation of urine(<200ml)
  • Nocturia-excretion of urine by a adult of >500ml with a specific gravity of <1.018 at night (characteristic of chronic glomerulonephritis)
• Causes of polyuria


  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Polycystic kidney
  • Chronic renal failure
  • Diuretics
  • Intravenous saline/glucose
• Variations in urine color and appearance

  • Colorless- dilution, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, diuretics
  • Milky-purulent genitourinary tract infection, chyluria
  • Orange- urobilinogen
  • Red-beetroot ingestion, haematuria, hemoglobinuria
  • Brown/black-alkaptunuria, melanin
• Acidic urine


  Ketosis-diabetes, starvation, fever, systemic acidosis, UTI by E.coli, acidification therapy, high protein diet
• Normal urine odour


  Aromatic due to the volatile fatty acids
• Abnormal urine odours


  • Ammonical-bacterial action (E. coli)
  • Fruity- ketonuria, starvation
  • Musty-Phenylketonuria
  • Fishy- UTI with Proteus
  • Rancid- Tyrosinemia
• Chemical examination of urine

  • Proteins
  • Sugars
  • Ketone bodies
  • Bilirubin
  • Bile salts
  • Urobilinogen
  • Blood
• Urinary symptoms


  • Nocturia - increased frequency at night
  • Dysuria - painful or difficulty of urination
  • Hesitancy - difficult of initiating
  • Enuresis- involuntary voiding
• Sodium (Na)


  Normally 125-145 mmol/l, increased in diabetes inspidius, exessive sweating, Cushing's syndrome, decreased in excess body water (CHF, renal failure, small cell lung cancer, brain disorders), hypothyroidism, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis
• Chloride (Cl)


  Normally 97-107 mEq/L, increased in diarrhea, hyperalimentation, decreased in vomiting, renal disease, diabetic ketoacidosis
• Potassium (K)


  Normally 3.5-5 mEq/L, increased in renal failure, Addison's disease, dehydration, ACE inhibitors, Spironolactone, decreased in diuretics, NG suctioning, vomiting, diarrhea, metabolic alkalosis