Topic 1

• Public speaking


  An organized, face-to-face, prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids
• Public speaking


  • It is an act of performing a speech in front of a live audience
  • It is an integral part of scientific communication
• Reason for giving a talk

  • To share a new lesson to students
  • To impress someone
  • To educate someone
• Public speaking


  • It has two main components: Content (what you say) and Delivery (how you say it)
• Without a strong, engaging delivery, you will lose your audience's attention and fail to communicate your content
• Timing in public speaking

  • Keeping within the time limits
  • Showing respect for your audience
• Public speaking requires


  • Muscle memory - training your body to be comfortable in front of an audience and to move in predictable and effective ways
• Public speaking


  • Involves a content and relationship dimension - conveying trust, respect, and credibility through evidence, appeals, wording, and nonverbal communication
• Public speaking is more about emotional impact than literal impact
• Four rules of public speaking

  • Know your audience and put them first
  • All communication is persuasive
  • Context determines delivery
  • All audiences begin their interpretation with resistance
• Communication


  Transmitting non-verbal and verbal information in a channel that includes a sender, medium of communication, and a receiver
• Communication process


  • Encoding
  • Medium of transmission
  • Decoding
  • Feedback
• Types of communication


  • Verbal
  • Nonverbal
  • Visual
  • Written
  • Active listening
• Public speaking


  The art of conveying information to an audience through oral presentation
• Purpose of public speaking

  • Informing
  • Motivating
  • Celebrating
  • Entertaining
  • Persuading
• Elements of public speaking

  • Presenter (the person speaking)
  • Audience (the people listening)
  • Message (the content being presented)
  • Channel (the medium used to share the message)
  • Effect (the result of the message having been sent and received)
• Steps of speech preparation

  1. Define your purpose

  2. Know your audience

  3. Choose a topic

  4. Research
• Channel


  The medium used to share the message - how the message gets sent
• Effect


  The result of the message having been sent and received, not necessarily consistent with the speaker's goal
• Public speaking


  • A more formal type of communication as opposed to small talk or other informal conversations
  • Requires preparation and organization
• Steps and methods of speech preparation

  1. Define Your Purpose

  2. Know Your Audience

  3. Choose a Topic

  4. Research

  5. Outline Your Speech

  6. Write Your Speech

  7. Practice Delivery

  8. Prepare Visual Aids (if applicable)

  9. Handle Q&A Sessions

  10. Finalize and Polish
• Define Your Purpose


  • Understand the purpose of your speech: Are you informing, persuading, entertaining, or motivating your audience?
  • Clearly define objectives to tailor your speech accordingly
• Know Your Audience


  • Consider demographics, interests, knowledge level, and expectations
  • Tailor content and language to resonate with your audience effectively
• Choose a Topic


  • Select a relevant, interesting, and meaningful topic that aligns with your purpose and audience
  • Narrow down the topic to make it manageable and focused
• Research


  • Gather information from credible sources to support your topic
  • Use various resources such as books, articles, interviews, and reputable websites
  • Take notes and organize findings for easy reference
• Outline Your Speech


  • Create an outline with an introduction, body, and conclusion
  • Divide main points logically and arrange them coherently
  • Use bullet points or numbered lists to outline key ideas
• Write Your Speech


  • Develop content based on the outline
  • Start with a compelling introduction, elaborate on main points in the body, and end with a strong conclusion
• Practice Delivery


  • Rehearse multiple times to refine delivery and timing
  • Pay attention to tone, pace, volume, and body language
  • Practice in front of a mirror, record yourself, or rehearse with others for feedback
• Prepare Visual Aids (if applicable)


  • Create visual aids such as slides, props, or multimedia presentations
  • Ensure they complement your speech and enhance understanding without overshadowing your message
• Handle Q&A Sessions


  • Anticipate potential questions and prepare concise and thoughtful responses
  • Engage in dialogue and address concerns or inquiries effectively
• Finalize and Polish


  • Review speech for clarity, coherence, and accuracy
  • Make any final adjustments or edits as needed
• Ethics Pyramid


  • Intent - The ethical intentions behind the communication
  • Means - The tools or behaviors used to achieve the desired outcome
  • Ends - The outcomes that are desired to be achieved

  
• Intent


  • The first major concept to consider when examining an issue's ethicality
  • Ethical speakers will prepare their remarks with the intent to tell the truth to their audiences
  • Ethical listeners will intend to hear a speaker's case before forming judgments
• Means


  • The tools or behaviors employed to achieve a desired outcome
  • Some means are good and some bad
• Ends


  • The outcomes that are desired to be achieved
  • Ends can be good or bad, and need to be considered from the perspective of both the source and the receiver of the message or behavior
• Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

  • Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound
  • Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech
  • Be Honest in What You Say
  • Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language
  • Put Ethical Principles into Practice
• Ethical speaking is not just about what we say; it's about how we say it and how we behave