Info System

• Information Storage and Analysis

  At the date of publication, many companies no longer manage their data and information manually with registers and hard-copy formats
• Assist With Making Decisions The long-term success of a company depends upon the adequacy of its strategic plans. An organization’s management team uses information systems to formulate strategic plans and make decisions for the organization's longevity and prosperity. 
• Assist With Business Processes Information systems aid businesses in developing a larger number of value added-systems in the company.  
• Transaction processing systems meet the data collection, storage, processing and outputting functionalities for the core operations of a business. 
• CRM systems accumulate and track customer activities, including purchasing trends, product defects and customer inquiries
• Business intelligence systems (BIS) can be complex as they identify, extract and analyze data for various operational needs, particularly for decision-making purposes.
• Knowledge management systems (KMS) organize and dissect knowledge and then redistribute or share it with individuals of an organization. The purpose of these information systems is to bring innovation, improve performance, bring integration and retain knowledge within the organization.
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is a set of integrated programs that manages the vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization.
• decision support system (DSS) is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices that support problem-specific decision making.
• Expert Systems give computers the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in a particular field
• System Development Methodology is a standard process followed in an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems.
• Planning


  Organization's total information system needs are identified, Analyzed, Prioritized, and Arranged
• Analysis


  System requirements are studied

  Structured
• Design


  Description of the recommended solution is converted into logical Then physical system specifications
• Logical design


  All functional features of the system chosen for development in analysis are described independently of any computer platform
• Physical design


  The logical specifications of the system from logical design are transformed into the technology-specific details from which all programming and system construction can be accomplished
• Implementation


  1. The information system is coded

  Tested

  Installed

  Supported in the organization
• Maintenance


  1. An information system is systematically repaired

  Improved
• Organization

   Technical Definition stable, formal social structure that takes resources from environment and processes to produce outputs. 
• Features of Organizations

  Use of hierarchical structure

  Accountability, authority in system of impartial

  decision-making

  Adherence to principle of efficiency
• Organizational politics


  • Divergent viewpoints lead to political struggle, competition, and conflict
  • Political resistance greatly hampers organizational change
• Organizational culture


  • Encompasses set of assumptions that define goal and product:
  • What products the organization should produce
  • How and where it should be produced
  • For whom the products should be produced
  • May be powerful unifying force as well as restraint on change
• Organizational environments


  • Organizations and environments have a reciprocal relationship
  • Organizations are open to, and dependent on, the social and physical environment
  • Organizations can influence their environments
  • Environments generally change faster than organizations
  • Information systems can be instrument of environmental scanning, act as a lens
• Major Roles of Information Systems

  • Support Business Operations
  • Support Managerial Decision Making
  • Support Strategic Advantage
• Support Business Operations


  From accounting to tracking customers' orders, information systems provide management with support in day-to-day business operations
• Support Managerial Decision Making


  Information systems can combine information to help run the business better, the same information can help managers identify trends and to evaluate the outcome of previous decisions. IS helps managers make better, quicker, and more informed decisions
• Support Strategic Advantage


  Information systems designed around the strategic objectives of the company help create competitive advantages in the marketplace
• Economic Impact IT changes relative costs of capital and the costs of information
• Organizational and behavioral impacts IT flattens organizations Decision-making pushed to lower levels
• Traditional competitors


  • All firms share market space with competitors
  • Competitors are continuously devising new products, services, efficiencies
  • Competitors are continuously devising switching costs
• New market entrants


  • Some industries have high barriers to entry
  • New companies have new equipment
  • New companies have younger workers
  • New companies have little brand recognition
• Substitute products and services


  Substitutes customers might use if your prices become too high
• Customers


  • Can customers easily switch to competitor's products?
  • Can customers force businesses to compete on price alone in transparent marketplace?
• Suppliers


  • Market power of suppliers when firm cannot raise prices as fast as suppliers
• Low-cost leadership


  Produce products and services at a lower price than competitors while enhancing quality and level of service
• Product differentiation


  Enable new products or services, greatly change customer convenience and experience
• Business value chain model


  Views firm as series of activities that add value to products or services
• Business value chain model


  • Highlights activities where competitive strategies can best be applied
  • Distinguishes primary activities vs. secondary activities
  • At each stage, determine how information systems can improve operational efficiency and improve customer and supplier intimacy
• Customer and supplier intimacy


  Create a great relationship between buyer and supplier
• Waterfall Model - is the oldest of all SLDC methodologies. Its linear and straightforward and requires development teams.