chap 14

• conduction heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact
• convection heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of fluid
• emissivity measure of how well an object radiates
• greenhouse effect warming of the Earth that is due to gases such as carbon dioxide and methane that absorb infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface and reradiate it in all directions, thus sending a fraction of it back toward the surface of the Earth
• heat the spontaneous transfer of energy due to a temperature difference
• heat of sublimation the energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the vapor phase
• kilocalorie 1k to 1000 calorie
• latent heat coefficient a physical constant equal to the amount of heat transferred for every 1 kg of a substance during the change in phase of the substance
• mechanical equivalent of heat the work needed to produce the same effects as heat transfer
• net rate of heat transfer by radiation is
• R factor the ratio of thickness to the conductivity of a material
• radiation energy transferred by electromagnetic waves directly as a result of a temperature difference
• radiation heat transfer which occurs when microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, or other electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed
• rate of conductive heat transfer rate of heat transfer from one material to another
• specific heat the amount of heat necessary to change the temperature of 1.00 kg of a substance by 1.00 ºC
• Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation where is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, is the surface area of the object, is the absolute temperature, and is the emissivity
• sublimation the transition from the solid phase to the vapor phase
• thermal conductivity the property of a material’s ability to conduct heat
• thermal conductivity the property that determines how easily thermal energy can be conducted through an object