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Created by
Sarah Caglayan
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Cards (71)
Neurons
Cells that convey
sensory
information into the
brain
, carry out operations, and transmit commands to the body
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Neuron structure
Cell body
Nucleus
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals
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Nomenclature
for brain structures is
inconsistent
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Frame of reference for brain discussion
Brain–body
orientation: human face
Spatial
orientation: other body parts and body orientation
Anatomical
orientation: direction of section through the brain from perspective of the viewer
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Directional terms
Dorsal
: toward the back
Ventral
: toward the stomach
Anterior
: toward the front
Posterior
: toward the rear
Superior
: above another structure
Inferior
: below another structure
Lateral
: toward the side
Medial
: toward the middle
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Nerve
A bundle of
axons
running together (in the
peripheral
nervous system)
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Neuron
A single
neural
cell
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Tract
A bundle of
axons
running together in the
central nervous system
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Nucleus
Group of cell bodies in the
central nervous system
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Ganglion
Group of
cell bodies
in the
peripheral nervous system
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Types of neurons
Motor
neuron: carries commands to the muscles and organs
Sensory
neurons: Carry information from the body and outside world into brain and spinal cord
Interneurons
: neurons which connect one neuron to another in the same part of brain or spinal cord
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Afferent
Into the
central nervous system
(incoming information)
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Efferent
Out of the
central nervous system
(outgoing information)
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Large-scale divisions of the nervous system
Forebrain
: highly developed, numerous functions
Midbrain
: reflex actions and voluntary movements
Hindbrain
: vital functions and coordinating movements
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Cerebral
Cortex
Outer layer of
frontal
lobe
Cerebral
hemispheres: large, wrinkled structures dominating brain's appearance
Dorsal
or superior part of the brain and that are covered by the
cortex
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Cortex
Outer surface of brain; mostly made up of the
cell bodies
of
neurons
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Gyrus
Each
ridge
in surface of the
brain
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Sulcus
Groove
or space between two
gyri
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Fissure
Large
groove or space between two
gyri
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Lateral ventricles
Winged-shaped
cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (
CSF
) made by a network of interconnected blood vessels
CSF suspends the
brain
, acts as
shock absorber
, provides stable environment for optimal function
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Hemispheric divisions
Frontal
lobe (executive function)
Parietal
lobe (sensory integration)
Temporal
lobe (auditory, taste, smell, memory)
Occipital
lobe (visual)
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Allocortex
Three-layered and four-layered cortex, composed of a number of below-surface structures (e.g.
Limbic system
, components of olfactory system), evolved earlier than the
neocortex
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Neocortex
Six-layered
cortex, outer layer that is visible when we look at the surface of the
brain
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Principal structures of the Limbic System
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cingulate cortex
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Functions of the
Limbic
System
Regulates
emotional
and
sexual
behaviors
Regulates
memory
Regulates
spatial navigation
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Amygdala
Increases electrical activity in its neurons when we are under
threat
Involved in
fight
or
flight
response
Remembers events tied to
strong
emotions
Receives
sensory
input to determine emotional value/
intensity
of a stimulus
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Hippocampus
Assists the process of
declarative
memory formation
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Cingulate cortex
Helps focus attention and
thoughts
, especially on things that are
unpleasant
to us (e.g. physical and emotional pain)
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Principal structures of the
Olfactory
System
Pyriform cortex
Amygdala
Dorsomedial thalamus
Vomeronasal organ (
VNO
): sensory neurons that detect
pheromones
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Principal structures of the Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
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Functions of the
Basal Ganglia
Controls
voluntary
and
involuntary
movement
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Thalamus
Relays incoming
sensory
information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the
cortex
Actively
filters
incoming sensory information
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Hypothalamus
Regulates the
autonomic
and
endocrine
systems
Involved in
hunger
responses, sexual behavior,
temperature
control, and aggression
Involved in
homeostasis
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Structures of the Midbrain
Reticular
formation
Superior
and
inferior
colliculi
Red
nucleus
Substantia
nigra
Tectum
vs
tegmentum
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Reticular Formation
Helps to regulate
awareness
and
attention
Filters out
irrelevant
stimuli
Regulates
sleep
and
wakefulness
(arousal)
Coordinates several
brain
areas
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Structures of the
Hindbrain
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
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Medulla
Controls
heart activity
and
circulation
Regulates breathing
Involved in coordinating
swallowing
and
digestion
All sensory and motor nerve tracts ascend from the
spinal cord
and descend from the
brain
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Pons
Relay
station for signals between
higher
levels of the nervous system and lower levels
Coordinates with the
cerebellum
and rest of the
brain
Connects to
muscles
and
glands
in face and neck
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Cerebellum
Controls bodily coordination,
balance
, and
muscle tone
Active in fine
motor
control and
smoothing
out movements
Helps with
sequences
of actions
Involved in
procedural
memory (memory of
motor
skills)
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Nerves
Twelve
pairs of cranial nerves
Thirty
pairs of spinal nerves divided into five anatomical regions:
cervical
, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
Dermatomes
: body segments associated with nerve
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