Midterms integ

• Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)


  Modalities or therapies that are not considered part of conventional medicine
• NCCAM's initial classification of CAM modalities


  • Whole alternative medical systems
  • Mind-body interventions
  • Biologically-based treatments
  • Manipulative and body-based methods
  • Energy therapies
• NCCAM's 2014 grouping of CAM practices


  • Natural products
  • Mind and body medicine
  • Manipulative and body-based practices
  • Other CAM practices
• NCCIH's 2015 division of CAM approaches

  • Natural products
  • Mind and body practices
  • Other CAM health approaches
• Homeopathy


  A healing system based on the law of similars or "like cures like"
• Homeopathy


  • Developed in 1797 by Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann
  • Therapies are selected based on how closely symptoms produced by a remedy match the symptoms of the patient's disease
• Historical background of homeopathy

  • 1790s - Dr. Hahnemann
  • 1835 - Dr. Constantine Hering established homeopathic medical school in Allentown, Pennsylvania
  • 1900 - 22 homeopathic medical schools, 100 homeopathic hospitals, 1000 homeopathic pharmacies in the US
• Essential principles of homeopathy

  • The principle of "like cures like"
  • The principle of minimal dose
  • The principle of single remedy
• Homeopathic prescription


  1. Note the symptoms

  2. Look up on the symptoms

  3. Decide which remedy is appropriate

  4. Decide the dosage (often/repeat)

  5. Evaluate the results
• Sources of homeopathic remedies

  • Plant materials
  • Animal and insect materials
  • Biological materials
  • Chemical/Mineral substances
• Preparation of homeopathic remedies

  • Extraction - Mother Tincture
  • Potentization - Dilution, Succussion
• Dosage forms of homeopathic remedies

  • Liquids - Linctus, Oral solution
  • Solid dosage forms - Crystals, Granules, Tablets
  • Other forms - Gels, Creams, Ointments
• Naturopathy


  A holistic whole body health care system based on the belief that the body has the potential to heal itself
• Naturopathy


  • Founded by Dr. Benedict Lust
  • Central belief: Vis medicatrix naturae - healing power of nature
• Historical development of naturopathy

  • Hippocrates (400 BCE) - diet, exercise, manipulative therapies, hydrotherapy
  • 18th and 19th century - Chadwick: "Spread of cholera was due to contaminated drinking water"
  • 1848 - Arnold Rikli - fresh air, sunlight and cold water swimming
  • 1902 - Dr. Benedict Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in New York
  • 1919 - Dr. Lust founded the American Naturopathy
• Key principles of naturopathy

  • Promote the healing power of nature
  • Disease is a natural part of nature
  • Promote health and prevent disease
  • The body will heal itself
  • Germs are not the major cause of disease
  • First, do no harm
• Traditional diagnostic methods in naturopathy

  • Lifestyle and diet
  • Biotypes
  • Iridology
  • Mineral analysis
• Naturopathic treatments


  • Balancing four major body systems
  • Education and counseling
  • Nutrition
  • Botanicals and traditional medicine
  • Manipulative therapies
  • Hydrotherapy
• Hippocrates


  Father of Modern Medicine, founded the Hippocratic School of Medicine
• Greek and Roman influences on healing


  • Greeks had extensive knowledge on herbs and herbal properties, influencing Roman medicine
  • Romans knew that good hygiene was linked to disease and death
  • Women played a major role as healers in early Greek times, assisting in birthing process
  • Use of surgical tools were in Roman influence, including scalpels, hooks, bone drills, catheters, vaginal specula, surgical saws
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)


  A system of medicine that originated in ancient China
• Historical background of TCM


  • Started in Western Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 AD)
  • Standardization of Chinese medicine
• Dioscorides


  Books on herbal medicine
• Greek & Roman influences on healing


  • Greeks had extensive knowledge on herbs and herbal properties
  • Greek healing methodology influenced Roman medicine
  • Romans knew that good hygiene was linked to disease and death
  • Women played a major role as healers in early Greek times
  • Women assist in birthing process together with the physician
  • Use of surgical tools are in Roman influence
• Surgical tools used in ancient Rome

  • Scalpels
  • Hooks as probes for dissection and raising blood vessels
  • Bone drills
  • Catheters
  • Vaginal specula
  • Surgical saws for amputations and surgeries
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) started

  Western Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 AD)
• Standardization of Chinese medicine
• Other theorize — Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE)
• Traditional medical practices are well-documented, with some of the authoritative medical books being over 2,000 years old
• Compendium of Materia Medica

  • Compiled by Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty, details 1,892 types of herbs and 10,000 prescriptions
• Huangdi Neijing


  The yellow emperor's inner canon, knowledge of healing
• Shennong Jing


  Classic of Shennong, knowledge on pharmacology
• Shhenong Bencao Jing


  Herbal classic of Shennong
• Shennong


  Divine Farmer
• Nanjing


  Classic of Difficult Issues, medical theory and practice
• Chinese medicine physicians

  • They believed that illness occurs when energy flow is blocked
  • Qi (Chi) - movement of life energy which most Chinese medicine physicians recognize
• Herbal medicine and acupuncture


  • Two aspects most associated with Chinese medicine
  • Used to unblock energy so that it can flow more freely throughout the body
• Acupuncture


  • Inserting steel needles into body parts
  • Believed to be used before 168 BC
  • Chinese doctors used stone probes to open up boils and abscesses
• Theory of Qi (chi)


  • Concept of a vital energy called Qi (chi)
  • Vial breath, vital force, life force, vital power, moving power, etc.
  • Qi - the force that animates humans
  • TCM is used to treat diseases by overcoming blockages in the circulation of Qi
  • Forms: Liver Qi, Kidney Qi, etc.
• Meridian theory/Theory of Meridians


  • Meridians - channels which Qi flows throughout the body
  • 12 Major meridians
  • 12 vital organs, 6 minor meridians link to other areas of the body
  • Forms network that criss-cross throughout the body linking organs, skin, flesh, muscles, and bones
  • Can be thought of as rivers of energy with the main purpose of transporting Qi throughout the body