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• Audio


  Sound within the range of human hearing, relating to or employed in the transmission, reception or reproduction of sound
• Reception


  The action or process of receiving something sent, given, or inflicted
• Transmission


  The action or process of transmitting something or the state of being transmitted
• Three different types of sounds used in multimedia

  • Music
  • Sound effects
  • Narration
• Music

  • Often elicits emotions and arousal from listeners
  • Effective in mood setting and stimulates listeners in performing various personal tasks such as studying and meditating, as well as social functions like for courtship rituals, for the creation and maintenance of friendships, as a topic of conversation, and as a way to encourage dancing
  • Adolescents use music primarily for mood regulation, females consider music as a means to improve their mood or dwell on melancholic emotions, while males are more likely to use music for excitement
• Sound effects


  • Makes specific points, provides hint to the setting in the absence of visuals (e.g., squeaky doors, explosions, rustling leaves, etc.)
  • Grouped into four types: hard sound, Foley sounds, background sound, and design sound
• Narration


  • Spoken message that often gives the most direct information, essential content in some media formats such as audiobooks designed for the visually-impaired people or for those who want an alternative listening experience in novels and other traditional reading content
  • Four types: fully-voiced reading, partially-voiced reading, unvoiced readings, and multicast readings / full cast readings
• Audio file formats

  • M4A
  • FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
  • MP3
  • MP4
  • WAV
  • WMA (Windows Media Audio)
  • AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
• M4A


  MPEG-4 audio file or audio-compressed file used because of increased quality demand as a result of cloud storage and bigger hard drive space in contemporary computers, preferred due to its high quality
• FLAC


  Audio file compressed into a smaller size of the original file, not frequently used compared to other sound file formats because it often needs special downloads to function, advantage is being a lossless audio file, its compression can save size and promote sharing of an audio file while being able to return to the original quality standard
• MP3


  MPEG audio layer 3 file format preferred because its compression saves valuable space while maintaining near-flawless quality of the original source of sound, very popular for all mobile audio-playing devices, compatible with nearly every device capable of reading audio files, best used for extensive audio file sharing due to its manageable size, works well for websites that host audio files
• MP4


  Audio file type that is a comprehensive media extension, capable of holding audio, video and other media, contains data in the file, rather than code, requires different codecs to implement the code artificially and allow it to be read
• WAV


  Waveform Audio File that stores waveform data, demonstrating strength of volume and sound in specific parts of the WAV file, typically used on Windows systems, usually uncompressed audio files, though it's not a requirement of the format
• WMA


  Windows-based alternative to the more common and popular MP3 file type, advantage is its lossless compression, retaining high audio quality throughout all types of restructuring processes, not the most popular due to its inaccessibility to many users, especially those who don't use the Windows operating system
• AAC


  Audio file that delivers decently high-quality sound and is enhanced using advanced coding, not one of the most popular audio formats, especially when it comes to music files, but serves some purpose for major systems including popular mobile devices and video gaming units
• Some tips for low-cost sound designing

  • Never underestimate the power of natural sound
  • Create your own sound bank
  • Go for original music, otherwise, search for royalty free music
  • Eliminate unnecessary noise as much as possible
  • Be careful with your voice recordings
  • Balance layers of sound
• Motion media


  • Movement is another dimension that affects media and information, every single movement that is incorporated in a video production contributes to the storytelling process or to elicit the desired emotions from the viewers
  • Purposes of movement in a video: creating dynamic scenes, influencing audiences' emotional reactions, directing audiences' attention, controlling reveals
• Basic camera movements

  • Dolly
  • Pedestal
  • Truck
  • Pan
  • Tilt
  • Roll
  • Zoom
  • Following shot